chapter 11

describe the benefits and costs of dams and water diversion projects

...

describe the patterns of global water use for each continent shown in the bar graph in figure 5

...

draw a diagram that shows the biomagnification of a pollutant in an ecosystem

...

identifying alternative: describe three ways that communities can increase their freshwater resources.

...

what can individuals do to decrease ocean pollution? write and illustrate a guide that gives at least three examples.

...

explain why fresh water is considered a limited resource

Fresh water is such a limited resource because there is such a little amount of fresh water found on Earth. About 77% of fresh water on Earth is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps. Because of this there is very little fresh water available for humans to use.

describe the distribution of water on earth. where is most of the fresh water located?

Fresh water mainly comes from lakes rivers or a shallow zone beneath the earths surface and most of the water on earth is salt water which is found in the oceans. While the largest percentage of fresh water is from ice caps and glaciers. Fresh water is also found in rivers, lakes, and earths surface in aquifers.

describe the unique problems of cleaning up ground water pollution.

Groundwater pollution is difficult to clean up because aquifers recharge slowly and because pollutants cling to the materials make up an aquifer. Groundwater is polluted by many different sources so it is hard to control all the pollutants.

describe the source of most ocean pollution. is it point-source pollution or nonpoint-source pollution?

Ocean pollution is mainly caused by coastal, non-point source pollutants. Ships can legally dump wastewater and garbage overboard in some parts of the ocean. At least 85 percent of ocean pollution includes oil, toxic wastes, and medical wastes.

explain why point-source pollution is easier to control than non point-source pollution

Point-source pollution is to control a single source, such as a factory, a water waster treatment plan, or a leaking oil tanker. This is easy because you know where the problem is coming from. The problem with Nonpoint-source pollution is that the pollution can come from many different sources with make it difficult to identify the source. Nonpoint-sources can enter bodies of water in many different ways which makes it hard.

list the major types of water pollutants. suggest ways to reduce the levels of each type of pollutant in a water supply

The major types of water pollutants include pathogens, organic matter, organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, heavy metals, and physical agents.

explain why pollution in a watershed poses a potential threat to the river system that flows through it

any pollution in the watershed can enter the in the gutters and enter in our givers. any pollution in the water shed can be swept into earth pollution. Any pollution in a watershed can enter a river which affects other things.

the underground formation that contains groundwater.

aquifer

making comparisons: read the description of an aquifer. how are aquifers like water-filled sponges?

aquifers hold waters like a sponge because it holds water in between the the rocks or sediments and the water flows through it. An aquifer is an underground formation that contains groundwater. This formation may include rock, sand, and gravel that have spaces in between where water accumulates. In the same way an aquifer acts an a sponge.

eutrophication cause by humans

artificial eutrophication

list some things you can do to help conserve the world's water supply. give at least three examples

at home i can conserve by only using the water needed, low flow toilets and shower-heads, don't let the water run while brushing your teeth, watering the lawn at night to reduce the amount of water lost to evaporation, wash only full loads in the washing machine and dishwasher.

accumulation of pollutants at successive levels of the food chain

biomagnification

a structure built across a river to control the river's flow

dam

the process of removing salt from salt water

desalination

water stored beneath the earth's surface in sediment and rock formations.

groundwater

a method of providing plant with water from sources other than direct precipitation.

irrigation

making comparisons: write a description of the evaporative method of desalination using terms from the water cycle.

most countries heat up the salt water and collect the fresh water that is evaporated yet the process is very expensive and uses a lot of energy

comes from many different sources that are often difficult to identify

nonpoint-source pollution

organisms that cause illness of disease

pathogens

the ability of rock or soil to allow water to flow through it.

permeability

pollution discharged from a single source.

point-source pollution

the amount of space between the particles that make up rock.

porosity

water that is treated to make it safe or able to drink.

potable

the area of the earth's surface where water percolates down into the aquifer.

recharge zone

an artificial lake formed behind the dam

reservoir

as streams and rivers move across the land, they form a flowing network of water.

river system

describe how water travels through rock

some rocks have enough space in them that allows water and some rocks are permiable or porous. When it rains water travels to many different places. Water is stored beneath Earth's surface in rock formations and this water is known as ground water. When rocks become saturated with water they reach their water table level. In some cases the water table may be at Earth's surface and the water can form a spring and flow of water.

fresh water on earth's land surface.

surface water

analyzing relationships: describe the relationship between groundwater and surface water in a watershed. what human activities in a recharge zone can affect the groundwater?

surface water can percolate through the ground and recharge through an aquifer, human activity in the recharge zone can limit the amount water that reaches the aquifer ex construction, wells drilled in the recharge zone, human activities can pollute an aquifer.

describe the drinking water treatment process in your own words

the drinking water treatment process start with filtration: the source water supply is filtered to remove large organisms and trash, next coagulation: alum is rapidly mixed into the water and forms sticky globs called flocs, bacteria and other impurities cling to the flocs, which settle to the bottom of the tank,after that is the second filtration: layers of said gravel and hard coil filter the remaining impurities, next is chlorination: chlorine is added to prevent bacteria from growing in the water, after aeration: air is forced through the water to release unwanted gases, which reduce odor and improves taste, lastly additional treatment: in some communities, fluoride may be added to prevent tooth decay. sodium compounds or lime may also be added to soften hard water. treated water is then pumped from storage tanks to homes and businesses

when the temptation of a body of water, such as a lake or stream increases.

thermal pollution

water that contains waste from homes or industry.

wastewater

the introduction of chemical, physical, or biological agents into water that degrade water quality and adversely affect the organisms that depend on the water.

water pollution

the area of land that is drained by a river.

watershed