Chapter 11 PSY 420

____ refers to the production of something that is both original and worthwhile. a. Insight b. Creativity c. Mental set d. Fluidity

b. Creativity

____ refers to a set of processes for which the goal is to overcome obstacles obstructing the path to a solution. a. Convergent thinking b. Problem solving c. Creativity d. Productive thinking

b. Problem solving

____ memory, which is important to expertise, retains memories in a stable form but can be accessed only with adequate retrieval cues. a. Convergent/divergent b. Integrative c. Long-term working d. Schematic

c. Long-term working

____ problems have a well-defined path to solution. a. Positive transfer b. Transparent c. Well-structured d. Heuristic

c. Well-structured

___ refers to superior skills or achievement reflecting a well-developed and well-organized knowledge base. a. Expertise b. Savantism c. Genius d. Creativity

a. Expertise

Steve realizes he and his girlfriend Cathy are not getting along well. Steve thinks that the reason why his girlfriend is unhappy with their relationship is because he spends too much time with his buddies. Yet, according to Cathy, this is not the reason at all. According to Cathy, Steve has failed to ____ the problem correctly. a. define b. solve c. monitor d. evaluate

a. define

Sheer enjoyment of the creative process and personal desire to solve a problem are ____ motivators. a. intrinsic b. extrinsic c. global d. local

a. intrinsic

__ refers to a seemingly sudden understanding of the nature of something, often as a result of taking a novel approach to the problem. a. Insight b. Creativity c. Incubation d. Deduction

a. Insight

____ refers to any carryover of knowledge or skills from one problem situation to another. a. Transfer b. Divergence c. Inhibition d. Fixation

a. Transfer

fMRI studies have revealed increased activity in _____ when a person experiences insight. a. Brodmann's areas b. the dorsilateral prefrontal cortex c. the right anterior superior-temporal gyrus d. the occipital lobe

c. the right anterior superior-temporal gyrus

. When problem-solvers have a(n) ____, they fixate on a strategy that normally works in solving many problems, but that does not work in solving a particular problem of interest. a. entrenchment b. heuristic c. defacilitator d. algorithm

a. entrenchment

As novices gain more experience, they start ____ in their working memory, which leads to a decrease in activation in working memory a. chunking information b. evaluating strategies c. integrating information d. identifying solutions

a. chunking information

According to Wertheimer, ____ thinking is based on existing associations involving what is already known. a. reproductive b. productive c. convergent d. divergent

a. reproductive

Max Wertheimer and Wolfgang Köhler were two respected _____ psychologists who made important contributions in the area of insightful thinking. a. psychometric b. information processing c. Gestalt d. structural

c. Gestalt

____ planning is an aspect of problem solving during which a general strategy is developed. a. Fluid b. Crystallized c. Global d. Local

c. Global

____ problems refer to problems with no clear, readily available path to solution. a. Positive transfer b. Negative transfer c. Ill-structured d. Isomorphic

c. Ill-structured

Researchers have studied the abilities of people to identify similarities among what are, on the surface, different problems. What has this research found? a. Similarities are easily identified when the problems are in the same context. b. Individuals spontaneously identify similarities and use them in problem solving. c. Individuals typically must explicitly look for similarities in order to find them. d. Similarities are more easily identified when the problems are from different domains.

c. Individuals typically must explicitly look for similarities in order to find them.

____ occurs when solving an earlier problem makes it harder to solve a later one. a. Divergent thinking b. Functional fixedness c. Negative transfer d. Positive transfer

c. Negative transfer

Bertha completed a number of problems for an experiment. Two of the problems had the same underlying structure even though the surface features were different. She was able to adapt the solution for the first problem to the second using ____ problem solving. a. fixated b. heuristic c. analogical d. transparent

c. analogical

____ are statements made by problem solvers. a. Verbal protocols b. Musings c. Think-alouds d. Cognitive walkthroughs

a. Verbal protocols

Finding the area of a triangle is a(n) ____ problem. a. positive transfer b. transparent c. well-structured d. isomorphic

c. well-structured

Cathy has three exams and two papers coming up, and she needs to decide how much time to spend on each project to maximize her chances of doing well on all of them. The problem-solving step primarily associated with this task is ____. a. problem definition b. problem identification c. organization of information d. resource allocation

d. resource allocation

49. Neuropsychological evidence suggests that the ____ is particularly important during the planning phase of problem solving. a. prefrontal cortex b. left parietal lobe c. occipital lobe d. fusiform gyrus

a. prefrontal cortex

____ are sets of procedures that may be repeated over and over again and that, in theory, guarantee the solution to a problem. a. Algorithms b. Heuristics c. Isomorphic problems d. Global planning strategies

a. Algorithms

____ refers to thought processes involving the production of a number of alternative solutions. a. Divergent thinking b. Convergent thinking c. Insight d. Incubation

a. Divergent thinking

According to ____ psychologists, insight problems require problem solvers to perceive the problem as a whole, rather than perceiving the problem as a collection of independent parts. a. Gestalt b. information processing c. structural d. behavioral

a. Gestalt

Pat just found out that she must give a class presentation in 10 days. To this end, Pat breaks down the task of preparing for her presentation into specific, manageable steps she must take to do a good job. This problem-solving strategy primarily involves ____. a. analysis b. synthesis c. divergent thinking d. convergent thinking

a. analysis

Studies show that expert problem-solvers tend to devote more of their mental resources to ____ planning than do novice problem solvers. a. global b. local c. isomorphic d. heuristic

a. global

During her studies, Mallory stumbles across an idea that many people in her discipline have ignored because they do not see the value in it. Mallory, in contrast, sees the hidden potential in that idea and develops its potential. This process typifies the ____. a. investment theory of creativity b. selective-combination of insights c. productive nature of creativity d. recursive nature of creativity

a. investment theory of creativity

When it comes to writing term papers, Scott takes much longer conducting his research, organizing his notes, and planning his paper than does David. Yet, David requires more time to do the actual writing of the paper than does Scott. From this we can infer that Scott devotes ____ to ____ planning than does David. a. more time; global b. less time; global c. more time; local d. less time; crystallized

a. more time; global

The ____ is a particular approach to problem solving which suggests the following steps: problem identification, problem definition, strategy formulation, organization of information, allocation of resources, monitoring, and evaluation. a. problem solving cycle b. systematic heuristic system c. programmed algorithm d. task analysis solution

a. problem solving cycle

According to Howard Gardner, creative individuals tend to have early family lives that are ____. a. rather strict but moderately supportive b. permissive but not supportive c. permissive and highly supportive d. rather strict and not supportive

a. rather strict but moderately supportive

In ____, people see analogies where they do not exist because of similarity of content. a. transparency b. isomorphic inhibition c. negative transfer d. heuristic fixedness

a. transparency

___ refers to thought processes involved in narrowing down a number of alternative solutions to find a single, optimal solution. a. Divergent thinking b. Convergent thinking c. Insight d. Incubation

b. Convergent thinking

John, an expert chess player, is playing chess with Mark, a novice player. Late in the game, the family dog comes lumbering through the room and knocks over the board, spilling the pieces on the floor. In this situation, ____ is more likely to remember the position pieces because ____. a. Mark; his memory was higher because he was losing b. John; he can rely on sophisticated schemas c. Mark; he is more motivated to win the game d. John; he is more likely to have "photographic" memory

b. John; he can rely on sophisticated schemas

___ refers to a cognitive phenomenon in which a person is predisposed to use an existing model for representing information, even when the existing model inadequately represents the information in a new situation. a. Heuristic facilitation b. Mental set c. Algorithm fixedness d. Stationary thinking

b. Mental set

____ are beliefs that members of a social group tend more or less uniformly to have particular types of characteristics. a. Biases b. Stereotypes c. Negative transfers d. Hostilities

b. Stereotypes

Which of the following is true regarding the neuroscience of creativity? a. Prefrontal activity is unrelated to creative processes or thinking. b. Thinning of the left frontal lobe is correlated with high creativity scores. c. Suppression of Brodmann's area 39 is correlated with greater creativity. d. Thickening of the right angular gyrus is associated with lower creativity.

b. Thinning of the left frontal lobe is correlated with high creativity scores.

The ____ measures the diversity, numerosity, and appropriateness of responses to open-ended questions. a. Creative Aptitude Test (CAT) b. Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking c. Generative Test of Creativity d. Multiple Measures Test of Creativity

b. Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking

When given routine problems to solve, problem solvers _____ before they have even tried to solve it. a. underestimate their likelihood of success b. are accurate in their estimates of their likely success c. moderately overestimate their likelihood of success d. moderately overestimate their likelihood of success

b. are accurate in their estimates of their likely success

After being admitted by several colleges, Michael needs to decide which college to attend. The problem-solving strategy primarily involved in this task is ____. a. divergent thinking b. convergent thinking c. synthesis d. autonomy

b. convergent thinking

Desire for fame or fortune is a(n) ____ motivator. a. intrinsic b. extrinsic c. global d. local

b. extrinsic

Common errors made while solving well-structured problems include ____. a. repeating the same step b. inadvertently going backward c. failing to define the problem d. not monitoring progress

b. inadvertently going backward

. The process of ____ involves deliberately searching for useful analogies when problem solving. a. convergent thinking b. intentional transfer c. functional fixedness d. transparency

b. intentional transfer

Highly creative individuals tend to be ____. a. low in hostility b. intrinsically motivated c. lacking in self-confidence d. low in self-acceptance

b. intrinsically motivated

Studies show that expert problem-solvers tend to devote more of their ____ resources to global planning than do novice problem solvers. a. time b. mental c. physical d. object

b. mental

The problem of recognizing isomorphisms across varying contexts is one of ____. a. monitoring b. problem representation c. generating solutions d. evaluation

b. problem representation

The ____ refers to the universe of all possible actions that can be applied to solve a problem. a. action space b. problem space c. action universe d. solution universe

b. problem space

In comparison to experts, novices are more likely to ____. a. rely on automatized sequences of steps b. spend more time executing a problem strategy c. take more time to represent the problem d. carefully monitor problem-solving strategies

b. spend more time executing a problem strategy

After researching a topic for a term paper, Sam needs to organize all the information and put it together into a coherent paper. The problem-solving strategy primarily involved in this task is ____. a. analysis b. synthesis c. divergent thinking d. convergent thinking

b. synthesis

____ refers to the process of breaking down a complex whole into smaller elements. a. Automaticity b. Positive transfer c. Analysis d. Synthesis

c. Analysis

Penelope is a supervisor at a dorm cafeteria. It seems to her that she has been receiving more complaints than usual although she also knows that a lot of factors can influence complaints. According to the problem solving cycle, she should first ____. a. talk to students to see what has gone wrong b. identify what she can do to improve the food c. determine whether there is, indeed, a problem d. ask higher level administrators what to do

c. determine whether there is, indeed, a problem

Jamie is a bright college student who wants to work with people in the medical field. To this end, she is considering a number of professions, including becoming a medical doctor, nurse, or physician's assistant. To generate the list, Jamie will likely engage in ____. a. analysis b. synthesis c. divergent thinking d. convergent thinking

c. divergent thinking

John notices that his partner, Casey, has been distant lately. While Casey can get preoccupied with work, John is worried that there may be a relationship problem. If he applies the problem solving cycle, John should first ____. a. talk to Casey to find out what Casey wants from their relationship b. seek out a qualified couples counselor and follow their advice c. figure out whether there is a relationship problem or if Casey is just worried about work d. decide whether the relationship is important enough that he wants to stay in it

c. figure out whether there is a relationship problem or if Casey is just worried about work

Asking participants to speak aloud about their problem solving strategies results in ____. a. a delay in finding solutions b. distraction from the problem c. higher quality solutions d. increased performance anxiety

c. higher quality solutions

Which iterative method of problem solving involves reducing the difference between your current state and your goal state? a. global planning b. fluid intelligence c. means-ends analysis d. componential analysis

c. means-ends analysis

Which part of the problem-solving cycle involves periodically assessing to what extent you are getting closer to the goal? a. strategy formulation b. problem definition c. monitoring d. evaluation

c. monitoring

After researching a topic for a term paper, you go over all of your notes and create an outline for the paper. The problem-solving step primarily associated with this task is ____. a. problem definition b. problem identification c. organization of information d. resource allocation

c. organization of information

In comparison to novices, experts ____ a. have loosely connected units of knowledge b. work backwards from focusing on the unknown c. take more time to represent novel problems d. use means-ends analyses more often

c. take more time to represent novel problems

____ involves consolidating sequences of steps into unified routines that require little or no conscious control. a. Schematization b. Facilitation c. Habituation d. Automatization

d. Automatization

____ is the inability to realize that something known to have a particular use also may be used to perform other functions. a. Functional inhibition b. Divergent thinking c. Introceptive thinking d. Functional fixedness

d. Functional fixedness

____ refer(s) to informal, intuitive, speculative strategies for solving problems, which sometimes work and sometimes do not. a. Incubation b. Creativity c. Insight d. Heuristics

d. Heuristics

What changes in the right anterior temporal area activation are seen when solving problems requiring insight? a. Increased activity is associated with insight but not with other types of problem solving. b. Decreased activity in this area predicts occurrence of insight in participants. c. Baseline activity in this area predicts success at solving insight problems. d. Increased activity in this area immediately precedes insight in participants.

d. Increased activity in this area immediately precedes insight in participants.

____ involves putting the problem aside for a while without consciously thinking about it a. Insight b. Proceduralization c. Automaticity d. Incubation

d. Incubation

____ problems have the same formal structure and differ only in their content. a. Acontextual b. Structural c. Isoformic d. Isomorphic

d. Isomorphic

____ planning involves the development of detailed tactics. a. Fluid b. Crystallized c. Global d. Local

d. Local

____ occurs when solving an earlier problem makes it easier to solve a new problem. a. Divergent thinking b. Functional fixedness c. Negative transfer d. Positive transfer

d. Positive transfer

____ involves insights that go beyond the bounds of existing associations. a. Convergent thinking b. Positive transfer c. Reproductive thinking d. Productive thinking

d. Productive thinking

____ refers to the process of integrating various elements into a more complex whole. a. Automaticity b. Positive transfer c. Analysis d. Synthesis

d. Synthesis

According the investment theory of creativity, creative individuals ____. a. always take big risks b. never take big risks c. buy high and sell low in the world of ideas d. buy low and sell high in the world of ideas

d. buy low and sell high in the world of ideas

The generation of a wide-ranging assortment of appropriate responses is called ____. a. intentional transfer b. incubation c. convergent production d. divergent production

d. divergent production

Which part of the problem-solving cycle involves checking whether you implemented the correct solution? a. strategy formulation b. problem definition c. monitoring d. evaluation

d. evaluation

39. When people are free of ____, they may recognize that a coat hanger can be reshaped and used to get into a locked car or that spring door locks can be opened using a credit card. a. functional inhibition b. divergent thinking c. introceptive thinking d. functional fixedness

d. functional fixedness

Some researchers argue that ____ motivation tends to drive creative individuals and that ____ motivators may actually impede creativity under some circumstances. a. global; local b. local; global c. extrinsic; intrinsic d. intrinsic; extrinsic

d. intrinsic; extrinsic

According to the ____ theory of creativity, what distinguishes the highly creative individual from the only modestly creative one is the confluence of multiple factors. a. interactive b. productive c. selective d. investment

d. investment