Chapter 11 - Pupulation and Sampling

If a researcher wants to select a random sample of 200 recently discharged (last 7 days) hospital patients. Who would be listed in the sample frame?

The sampling frame would be all of the patients discharged within the last 7 days

Sometimes it may be necessary for the researcher to develop their own sampling frame. This can be done by listing all members of the ________ _______.

accessible population

The recruiting of all eligible individuals from an accessible population (time or sample size dependent)

consecutive sampling

What is the following an example of which type of sampling? Ex: A nurse working in a primary care clinic enrolls all interested patients with diabetes for study during a two-week time period

consecutive sampling

sampling method that involves choosing readily available people or objects for a study

convenience (also referred to as accidental or incidental)

which type of sampling method is used when the researcher chooses sample from familiar people? such as when a teacher uses a students in her class, or from strangers, such as might be encountered when a nurse researcher conducts a survey among family members in an intensive care unit waiting room to determine their attitudes about visiting hours?

convenience sampling

What is a single member of a population called?

element (population member and population element used interchangeably)

Does not involve selection of elements at random

non probability sampling

a complete set of person or objects that possess some common characteristics of interest to the researcher.

population

the aggregate of cases of interest to the researcher (s) (ex: RNs in Georgia)

population

which type of sampling is most likely to be representative? probability or non probability

probability

Samples are chosen through two types of sampling procedures. Name them.

probability and non probability

Involves random selection of elements: each element has an equal, independent chance of being selected

probability sampling

involves the use of a random selection process to obtain representative of members or elements of populations

probability sampling (or random sampling)

Which type of non probability sampling involves the hand-picking of participants at the discretion of the researcher?

purposive sampling

Is qualitative or quantitative research more interested in populations?

quantitative

Convenience sampling is the most widely used approach by __________ researchers. It is also the most vulnerable to sampling _____.

quantitative; bias

Convenience sampling within specified strata of the population

quota sampling

Statistical inferences should only be made to the group from which the sample was _______ selected.

randomly

What is the assumption that can be made about the researcher or expert using a purposive sampling technique?

researcher or expert has enough knowledge about the population of interest to select specific subjects for the study

This occurs when samples are not carefully selected. All nonprobability sampling methods have it. May occur in probability sampling methods when subjects decide not to participate when chosen; or when final sample is now not representative of population.

sampling bias

-Random fluctuations in data -Not under the control of the researcher -Chance variations occur when sample is chosen.

sampling error

The following is an example of what? -The pulse for a population of 20 people is 71 -There are three random sample groups. Sample 1 is considerably higher than the mean average for population. Sample 3 is considerably low. Sample 2 is exactly 71.

sampling error

the difference between data obtained from a random sample and the data that would be obtained if an entire population were measured.

sampling error

Where are elements, or members of a population selected from?

sampling frame

a listing of all elements of a population

sampling frame

The following are examples of what...membership list, hospital patient census sheets, and vital statistics listings

sampling frames

Which type of probability sampling involves random selection of participants or elements from the sampling ?

simple random

What are the four types of random sampling procedures?

simple, stratified, cluster, systematic

What is the following an example of? i.e. ask your participants with newly diagnoses HIV if they have any friends who are also newly diagnoses if they would like to join your study

snowball sampling

term used to describe a method of sampling that involves the assistance of study subjects to help obtain other potential subjects

snowball sampling (or network sampling)

Which type of networking is particularly helpful in finding people who are reluctant to make their identity known, such as drug abusers?

snowball sampling or network sampling

Quota sampling is closely related to which type of probability sampling method?

stratified random sampling.

Name the type of population in which is composed of the entire group of people or objects to which the researcher wishes to generalize the findings of a study to. This population meets a designated set of criteria of interest to the researcher.

target population

Which two groups is the population for a study composed of?

target population and the assessable population

Sampling error occurs by chance: sampling bias is caused by _______.

the researcher

What is the goal of sampling in quantitative research?

to be able to make generalizations about the population from which the sample was drawn.

What is the goal of probability sampling?

to obtain representative elements of a population

it must be pointed out that nursing research studies involve voluntary subjects, regardless of the type of sampling method used to select potential study subjects, the ethics of research requires that subjects must voluntarily agree to participate in research studies. Nurse researchers must keep in mind that all data are based on voluntary responses. What is the only way that potential for bias will not be present?

unless all selected members of the sample actually participate in the research study

Eligibility criteria are the characteristics that define the population. What are the two types?

*Inclusion criteria *Exclusion criteria

a sample whose key characteristics closely approximate those of the population

*Representative sample

Identify the statement that describes an accessible population. -All children enrolled in first grade -All clients undergoing laparoscopy -All adults with open-angle glaucoma treated by an ophthalmologist -All adolescents studying biology at the local high school

-All adolescents studying biology at the local high school

What are the five methods of nonprobability sampling?

Five methods *Convenience *Snowball *Quota *Consecutive *Purposive

Which type or probability sampling uses a sampling frame, which is a list of all population participants or elements

Probability Sampling: Simple Random

What is the following an example of which type of sampling? *Ex: A researcher wants to survey 300 hospital nurses' job satisfaction levels. The researcher wants to examine the job satisfaction variable by age group so she draws a convenience sample of 100 nurses from each of three age groups: 20-35, 36-50, 51-65

Quota

process used by researchers to select a sample representing the population of interest

Sampling

selection of a portion of the population that represents the entire population (ex: Georgia RNs holding an active nursing license)

Sampling

Subpopulations of a population (ex: Georgia nurses with an APN license)

Strata

Stratified random sampling method involves a ________ sampling method of obtaining sample members, whereas quota sampling obtains member through _______ sampling.

Stratified random sampling method involves a random sampling method of obtaining sample members, whereas quota sampling obtains member through convenience sampling.