Chapter 11: Social Psychology

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Social Facilitation

When we perform better on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others, this is called _______

Fundamental Attribution Error

While eating at a café, Janet sees a server's serving tray tilt, and the food and beverages spill onto four people. "What a careless, clumsy idiot," Janet mumbles to herself as she resumes eating. Janet has just committed ________

Milgram Experiments

Participants were surprising more likely to follow orders that went against their own comfort/morality than ever expected

Informational

People often accept other people's opinions about reality because they wish to be accurate. This is called _____ social influence.

Outgroup Homogeneity

Tendency to see all members of a particular outgroup as the "same" as each other

Social Facilitation

improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

Central-Route Persuasion

occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

Peripheral Route Persuasion

occurs when people are influenced by unimportant cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness

Group Polarization

strengthening of a group's preexisting attitudes through discussions within the group

Companionate Love

the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

Deindividuation

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

Groupthink

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

Mere-Exposure Effect

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

Deindividuation

the students at a university charged the field after the basketball game in response to their team's loss. They vandalized the opposing team's field, and the police had to be called in. This is best understood as _______

Bystander Apathy

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

Social Loafing

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

Just-World Phenomenon

the tendency to believe that the world is just and people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

Ingroup bias

the tendency to favor our own group

Other-Race Effect

the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races

Scapegoat Theory

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts clash

Fundamental Attribution Error

underestimating the impact of the situation on other people's behavior

Discrimination

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

Social Influence

when one follows orders or behaves similarly to one's friends, one is demonstrating the power of social

Prejudice

Attitude + emotion + predisposition to action

Peripheral Route Persuasion

Celebrity endorsements represent one way to influence an audience via _____ route persuasion

Just-World Phenomenon

Chuck has just moved into a new neighborhood. This new neighborhood is full of people addicted to drugs who live in run-down houses in horrible condition. He often sees them struggling to find food on the street and shivering through the cold winter. When his friend asks him if he feels bad seeing these people suffer he replies, "Good people don't end up that way, so I don't feel bad for them." Chuck's attitude BEST illustrates _______

Group Polarization

If the political conservatism of female students who join sororities is greater than that of female students who do not, the gap in the political attitudes of the two groups will probably widen as they progress through college. This would be BEST explained in terms of______

Obedience

Following order of a perceived authority figure

Groupthink

Group members sometimes fail to consider a range of viewpoints and alternatives in an effort to maintain cohesiveness and a "united front." This is called _________.

Mere-Exposure Effect

If people are asked how they like various letters of the alphabet, they tend to prefer the letters found in their own names. This BEST illustrates the impact of ____.

Ingroup Bias

Kelly is a Republican, and Carlos is a Democrat. Both believe that the members of their own political party are more fair-minded and trustworthy than members of any other party. This belief BEST illustrates ________.

Altruism

Unselfish concern for the welfare of others

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

We tend to feel discomfort when our thoughts are inconsistent with our actions and then act to reduce that discomfort. This is known as the _____ theory

Social Loafing

When ___ occurs, there is a reduced feeling of a responsibility and decreased effort.

Stereotypes

a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people

Conformity

adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

Passionate Love

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of romantic love

Reciprocity Norm

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

Dispositional (Personal) Attribution

explaining someone's behavior in terms of internal personality traits

Actor-Observer Bias

explaining someone's behavior in terms of the external circumstances

Situational Attribution

explaining someone's behavior in terms of the external circumstances

Attitude

feelings, often based on our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.

Normative Social Influence

influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

Informational Social Influence

influence resulting from a person's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality


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