Chapter 11: Social Psychology
Social Facilitation
When we perform better on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others, this is called _______
Fundamental Attribution Error
While eating at a café, Janet sees a server's serving tray tilt, and the food and beverages spill onto four people. "What a careless, clumsy idiot," Janet mumbles to herself as she resumes eating. Janet has just committed ________
Milgram Experiments
Participants were surprising more likely to follow orders that went against their own comfort/morality than ever expected
Informational
People often accept other people's opinions about reality because they wish to be accurate. This is called _____ social influence.
Outgroup Homogeneity
Tendency to see all members of a particular outgroup as the "same" as each other
Social Facilitation
improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
Central-Route Persuasion
occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts
Peripheral Route Persuasion
occurs when people are influenced by unimportant cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness
Group Polarization
strengthening of a group's preexisting attitudes through discussions within the group
Companionate Love
the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined
Deindividuation
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
Groupthink
the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
Mere-Exposure Effect
the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
Deindividuation
the students at a university charged the field after the basketball game in response to their team's loss. They vandalized the opposing team's field, and the police had to be called in. This is best understood as _______
Bystander Apathy
the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
Social Loafing
the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
Just-World Phenomenon
the tendency to believe that the world is just and people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
Ingroup bias
the tendency to favor our own group
Other-Race Effect
the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races
Scapegoat Theory
the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts clash
Fundamental Attribution Error
underestimating the impact of the situation on other people's behavior
Discrimination
unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members
Social Influence
when one follows orders or behaves similarly to one's friends, one is demonstrating the power of social
Prejudice
Attitude + emotion + predisposition to action
Peripheral Route Persuasion
Celebrity endorsements represent one way to influence an audience via _____ route persuasion
Just-World Phenomenon
Chuck has just moved into a new neighborhood. This new neighborhood is full of people addicted to drugs who live in run-down houses in horrible condition. He often sees them struggling to find food on the street and shivering through the cold winter. When his friend asks him if he feels bad seeing these people suffer he replies, "Good people don't end up that way, so I don't feel bad for them." Chuck's attitude BEST illustrates _______
Group Polarization
If the political conservatism of female students who join sororities is greater than that of female students who do not, the gap in the political attitudes of the two groups will probably widen as they progress through college. This would be BEST explained in terms of______
Obedience
Following order of a perceived authority figure
Groupthink
Group members sometimes fail to consider a range of viewpoints and alternatives in an effort to maintain cohesiveness and a "united front." This is called _________.
Mere-Exposure Effect
If people are asked how they like various letters of the alphabet, they tend to prefer the letters found in their own names. This BEST illustrates the impact of ____.
Ingroup Bias
Kelly is a Republican, and Carlos is a Democrat. Both believe that the members of their own political party are more fair-minded and trustworthy than members of any other party. This belief BEST illustrates ________.
Altruism
Unselfish concern for the welfare of others
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
We tend to feel discomfort when our thoughts are inconsistent with our actions and then act to reduce that discomfort. This is known as the _____ theory
Social Loafing
When ___ occurs, there is a reduced feeling of a responsibility and decreased effort.
Stereotypes
a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people
Conformity
adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
Passionate Love
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of romantic love
Reciprocity Norm
an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them
Dispositional (Personal) Attribution
explaining someone's behavior in terms of internal personality traits
Actor-Observer Bias
explaining someone's behavior in terms of the external circumstances
Situational Attribution
explaining someone's behavior in terms of the external circumstances
Attitude
feelings, often based on our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.
Normative Social Influence
influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
Informational Social Influence
influence resulting from a person's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality
