CHapter 11 sociology

monogamy.

A form of marriage in which each married partner is allowed only one spouse at any given time is called a. monogamy. c. polygyny. b. polygamy. d. polyandry.

Marriage rates among blacks are relatively low, even after a nonmarital birth, because black men are less likely to earn a living wage.

How does the "marriageable men hypothesis" explain rates of marriage among African Americans? a. Marriage rates among blacks are relatively high because black women seek men who match them on both religious and economic characteristics. b. Marriage rates among blacks are relatively low, even after a nonmarital birth, because black men are less likely to earn a living wage. c. Marriage rates among blacks are relatively low, even after a nonmarital birth, because black women are pickier than other racial/ethnic groups about the men they will marry. d. Marriage rates among blacks are relatively high because black women are less concerned with men's economic standing compared to other racial/ethnic groups.

One parent adopts a child and the partner applies to be second or co-parent.

In 2016, a New York family court guaranteed married lesbian couples the right to participate in second-parent adoptions. What does this mean? a. One parent adopts a child and the partner applies to be second or co-parent. b. Adopted children can have two sets of parents: birth parents and adoptive parents. c. Lesbian couples can apply to have a man legally serve as father to their adopted child. d. Children are able to choose if they want one or two adoptive parents, regardless of the parent's sexual orientation.

parents and children often must renegotiate their roles in unfamiliar contexts.

In studies of immigrant families, researchers found that a. the parent-child relationship pattern typical of the country of origin became the default pattern in unfamiliar contexts. b. parents and children often must renegotiate their roles in unfamiliar contexts. c. children continue to have lower status than their parents, even if they have a better understanding of the language and practices in the United States. d. schoolteachers and health-care providers almost never allow children to serve as the family's liaison.

2015

In what year did the Supreme Court guarantee the right to marriage for all, including same-sex couples? a. 1968 c. 2001 b. 1984 d. 2015

polyandry.

It was common in Ladakhi society for brothers to share one wife. This type of marriage is an example of a. monogamy. c. polyandry. b. polygyny. d. hypergamy.

nuclear family.

Jim and Joan are two adults who live together in a household with their two biological children and one adopted child. This kind of group is an example of a(n) a. nuclear family. c. nonfamily household. b. extended family. d. skip-generation family.

common couple violence.

Joan shoved her husband Jack during a heated argument about buying a new car. The argument was not rooted in power or control. Michael Johnson would call this type of intimate partner violence a. patriarchal terrorism. c. common couple violence. b. feminist terrorism. d. severe violence.

most children adjust without serious problems within two years of the separation.

Recent studies on children of divorce derived from population-based samples find that a. most people with divorced parents have serious mental health problems. b. few children experience an initial period of intense emotional upset after their parents separate. c. most children adjust without serious problems within two years of the separation. d. most children experience some long-term problems as a result of the breakup that may persist into adulthood.

Living alone can be a positive experience for the young and old.

What does Eric Klinenberg conclude from his research on people who live alone? a. Living alone can be a positive experience for the young and old. b. Living alone is correlated with higher rates of depression and social isolation. c. Living alone has some positive benefits after a relationship break up but is detrimental in the long term. d. Young people who live alone report feeling happy and free to pursue their interests, but old people living alone did not report these experiences.

It places too much emphasis on cooperation and consensus.

What is a criticism of the symbolic interactionist approach? a. It places too much emphasis on cooperation and consensus. b. It focuses too much on deeply embedded gender differences in social and interpersonal power. c. It focuses too much on social structure. d. It tells us why something is happening, but it does not tell us how.

Changes in the law made getting a divorce easier.

Which of the following is a factor in explaining why divorce rates increased so steeply in the 1960s and 1970s? a. Changes in the law made getting a divorce easier. b. Personal satisfaction became less important. c. Adults became less concerned about the welfare of their children. d. The stigma of divorce increased.

extended family.

Vincent lives with his parents and both sets of grandparents in the same house. His uncle's family lives next door. The members of his house and his uncle's family have a close and continuous relationship with one another. This type of arrangement is an example of a(n) a. nuclear family. c. nonfamily household. b. extended family. d. conventional family.

family of orientation.

mir has two biological brothers that he grew up with. His two brothers are members of his a. family of orientation. c. chosen family. b. family of procreation. d. adopted family.

stepfamily.

A family in which at least one partner has children from a previous marriage is known as a a. nuclear family. c. conventional family. b. stepfamily. d. extended family.

28

A 1985 study by Murray Straus and his colleagues found that _____ percent of married people reported at least one incident of intimate partner violence at some point in their marriage. a. 5 c. 56 b. 28 d. 81

family

A _____ is a group in which the individuals are related to one another by blood ties, marriage, or adoption and form an economic unit in which the adult members are responsible for the upbringing of children. a. family c. kinship network b. household d. village

a marriage

A socially and legally acknowledged and approved sexual union between two adult individuals is called a. cohabitation. c. kinship. b. a marriage. d. a family.

90 percent

About what percent of American adults in their mid-fifties are or have previously been married? a. 35 percent c. 65 percent b. 51 percent d. 90 percent

High death rates meant there was a great deal of family instability.

According to Stephanie Coontz, why isn't the colonial family as idyllic as often portrayed? a. Wives were confined to the home. b. Women often felt trapped in their domestic role. c. Divorce rates were high. d. High death rates meant there was a great deal of family instability.

the partner who is least committed to the romantic relationship

According to Willard Waller, who has the most power in a romantic relationship? a. the woman b. the man c. the person with the highest income d. the partner who is least committed to the romantic relationship

A husband comforts his wife after she loses her job.

According to the functionalist perspective, identify which of the following is an example of personality stabilization. a. A mother reminds her child to say "thank you" after receiving a present. b. A husband comforts his wife after she loses her job. c. A married partner is restrained from cheating on her spouse because of marriage vows. d. A father goes to work despite feeling sick to pay for his child's tuition fees.

cohabitation.

According to the textbook, the term used to describe two persons living together in a sexual relationship of some permanence, without being married to one another, is a. living apart together. c. engagement. b. going steady. d. cohabitation.

primary socialization

Alisha learns the American norms of politeness from her parents. This learning is associated with which function of the family discussed by Talcott Parsons? a. primary socialization c. affective function b. personality stabilization d. instrumental function

Cuban Americans

Among the Hispanic groups listed below, which is the most prosperous? a. Mexican Americans c. Cuban Americans b. Puerto Rican Americans d. Dominican Americans

people born before 1980

Among the categories listed below, which group would sociologists predict is the most likely to get married at least once in their lifetime? a. college-educated black women b. poor black men c. people born before 1980 d. Millennials

cultural beliefs related to filial piety that exist in Asian American families.

Asian American families historically have been characterized by an interdependence among members of the extended family. Some sociologists attribute this to a. cultural beliefs related to filial piety that exist in Asian American families. b. the prevalence of hypergamy in Asian American families. c. the prevalence of skip-generation households in Asian American families. d. the "tangle of pathology" that exists among Asian American families.

They have unease about the meanings associated with marriage.

Based on what you've read about cohabitation in this chapter, why might longtime cohabiters with no plans to marry prefer cohabitation? a. They do not want to commit to their partner. b. They consider cohabitation to be edgy and boundary-breaking. c. They have unease about the meanings associated with marriage. d. They think that marriage will have no impact on their relationship.

the oppressive nature of a domestic life bound up with child care and domestic drudgery

Betty Friedan, in her widely read book, The Feminine Mystique, refers to "the problem with no name." What is this phrase referring to? a. the oppressive nature of a domestic life bound up with child care and domestic drudgery b. the fear of divorce, especially after couples have been together for more than five years c. adultery, which is especially common among closeted homosexuals d. domestic abuse, which usually goes unreported

the experiences of women in the domestic sphere

During the 1970s and 1980s, feminist perspectives dominated most debates and research on families. According to the textbook, on what did they largely focus? a. family structures b. historical development of the nuclear and extended family c. the importance of kinship ties d. the experiences of women in the domestic sphere

colorectal cancer patients did gender even though they could no longer carry out the gender-typed household roles.

Emslie and colleagues (2009) studied colorectal cancer patients. They found that a. colorectal cancer patients could no longer maintain their gendered identities. b. colorectal cancer patients did gender even though they could no longer carry out the gender-typed household roles. c. female colorectal cancer patients no longer concerned themselves with the housework and child care. d. male colorectal cancer patients became increasingly concerned with the housework and child care.

Most stepchildren belong to two households, so the possibilities of ideological clashes are considerable.

Erica recently married Jermain. Jermain has a seventeen-year-old daughter named Arabia from a previous marriage. Erica considers herself progressive while Arabia considers herself conservative, and they often disagree over politics. How might a sociologist understand this dynamic? a. Women of different ages have a difficult time getting along. b. Liberal-identifying women are statistically more likely to have a difficult time with stepchildren because they care less about family values. c. Erica is violating the social role of stepmother, therefore causing the conflict. d. Most stepchildren belong to two households, so the possibilities of ideological clashes are considerable.

Puerto Rico

From which country can Hispanics easily enter the United States because it is a commonwealth of the United States? a. Mexico c. Cuba b. Puerto Rico d. El Salvador

Both Mary and John are cohabiting to ensure compatibility before marriage.

Mary and John have been in a cohabiting relationship for a year. Based on what you read in the textbook, which of the following statements is most likely to be true? a. Both Mary and John are cohabiting to ensure compatibility before marriage. b. Both Mary and John want to keep their expenses separate while cohabiting. c. Mary is more likely to worry about the loss of freedom that marriage would entail than John. d. John is more likely to worry that cohabitation would further delay marriage than Mary.

kinship.

Members of the Native American Standing Rock Sioux tribe share history and bonds based on a common lineage of blood relatives. This form of relationship is also known as a. cohabitation. c. kinship. b. a household. d. a village.

users tend to show the greatest interest in those of their same ethnic background.

One conclusion we can draw from recent research on online dating is that a. black women receive the most initial messages. b. white men receive the fewest initial messages. c. users tend to show the greatest interest in those of their same ethnic background. d. hypergamy is more typical of men than women.

He found that people living alone actually have more, rather than less, social interaction than their married counterparts.

Nellie was worried about her mother living on her own after she divorced Nellie's father. How might Eric Klinenberg's research help assuage Nellie's fears? a. He found that people living alone actually have more, rather than less, social interaction than their married counterparts. b. Klinenberg's respondents reported higher-than-average IQs, possibly because people who live alone spend more time reading. c. People who live alone reported experiencing moderate anxiety, but that feeling dissipated within one year. d. People who live alone tend to be more financially stable than those who live with someone else.

family of procreation.

Suzanne has two biological sons that she raised from birth. Her two sons are members of her a. family of orientation. c. chosen family. b. family of procreation. d. adopted family.

are to women in cohabiting relationships.

The majority of nonmarital births a. are to women in cohabiting relationships. b. are to women ages thirty-five and older. c. are to "single mothers by choice." d. are to middle-class women with strong support networks or extended family ties.

50 percent.

The proportion of young couples who cohabit today is roughly a. 10 percent. c. 50 percent. b. 30 percent. d. 70 percent.

The drop in economic well-being following a divorce appears to explain the majority of the "effect" of divorce on child outcomes.

What is the main reason why children raised by one parent do not do as well as children raised by two parents, on average? a. Parents who divorce do not devote enough time and attention to parenting and do a worse job monitoring their children than families with two parents. b. Children suffer irreparable emotional trauma from divorce. c. The drop in economic well-being following a divorce appears to explain the majority of the "effect" of divorce on child outcomes. d. Children face social stigma from classmates, teachers, and kin due to their parents' divorce.

Men who were contributing more than 80 percent to family income prior to divorce tend to experience an improvement in their living standards after divorce.

What is the relationship between living standards and postdivorce situations? a. Both men's and women's living standards tend to increase in the first year following the divorce settlement. b. Men's living standards tend to decrease, while women's living standards tend to increase in the first year following the divorce settlement. c. Men who were contributing more than 80 percent to family income prior to divorce tend to experience an improvement in their living standards after divorce. d. Men who were contributing less than 80 percent to family income prior to divorce tend to experience an improvement in their living standards after divorce.

Women are having their first child at an older average age, making it difficult to decide at what point someone is childless.

What might be one reason why researchers have difficulty calculating the rate of childlessness? a. Blended families make it more difficult to discern who is a parent and who isn't. b. People whose children have grown into adults sometimes consider themselves childless, which may inaccurately alter statistics. c. Childlessness is highly stigmatized, so people are likely to misreport their status to survey researchers. d. Women are having their first child at an older average age, making it difficult to decide at what point someone is childless.

feminism

Which general perspective has been most concerned with the domestic division of labor, unequal power relationships, and caring activities in the family? a. functionalism c. feminism b. Marxism d. symbolic interactionism

non-Hispanic whites

Which group among those listed below has the highest level of nonmarital fertility in the United States? a. Chinese c. Filipino b. Japanese d. non-Hispanic whites

Native Americans

Which group has the highest rate of intermarriage? a. Asian Americans c. Hispanic Americans b. Native Americans d. African Americans

Ethnicity and socioeconomic status are so closely intertwined in the United States that it is difficult to distinguish effects of one over the other.

Which of the follow statements would family sociologists studying racial and ethnic differences most agree with? a. The most striking differences in family structure are between the family lives of whites and Asian Americans. b. Racial and ethnic differences in family structure are almost completely explained by cultural differences. c. Racial and ethnic differences in family structure are almost completely explained by economic differences. d. Ethnicity and socioeconomic status are so closely intertwined in the United States that it is difficult to distinguish effects of one over the other.

The nuclear family seems to have long been preeminent, with household sizes shrinking only modestly over the past few centuries.

Which of the following best describes the changes in household size throughout the history of the United States? a. Family size has shrunk dramatically from the early farming years to the current urban setting. b. The family in the United States today consists predominantly of small nuclear families; for the first two hundred years of U.S. history, the family was a large extended family. c. The proportion of people living alone has gradually decreased. d. The nuclear family seems to have long been preeminent, with household sizes shrinking only modestly over the past few centuries.

increases in postsecondary school enrollment

Which of the following best explains the global trend toward later marriages in the last several decades? a. the resurgence of social conservatism b. increases in postsecondary school enrollment c. increased economic standing of men since the late 1980s d. the continuing stigma of cohabitation

being childless before marrying

Which of the following factors decreases the likelihood that a person will get a divorce? a. being married at a young age b. divorced parents c. having low income d. being childless before marrying

the spread of the idea of romantic love

Which of the following is a change related to the creation of a worldwide movement toward the predominance of the nuclear family and the breakdown of extended-family systems and other types of kinship groups? a. the spread of the idea of romantic love b. the power and influence of the antiabortion movement c. large-scale migration from urban to rural areas d. the development of autonomous local governments in areas previously controlled by centralized governments

Ten or fifteen years later, nearly half the then-young-adult children reported difficulties in their romantic relationships, compromised self-esteem, and a sense of underachievement.

Which of the following is a finding from the research of Judith Wallerstein and colleagues on children of divorced parents? a. Few children experienced intense emotional disturbance at the time of the divorce. b. There was little evidence of short- or long-term deleterious consequences of parental divorce. c. As they entered adulthood, almost all were optimistic, high achieving, and confident. d. Ten or fifteen years later, nearly half the then-young-adult children reported difficulties in their romantic relationships, compromised self-esteem, and a sense of underachievement.

There has been an increase in the rate at which unmarried women begin cohabiting with their partners once they find out they are pregnant.

Which of the following is a trend related to cohabiting? a. Decreasing numbers of people are cohabiting. b. Most cohabiters eventually marry the partner they are cohabiting with. c. There has been an increase in the rate at which unmarried women begin cohabiting with their partners once they find out they are pregnant. d. Cohabitation as an alternative to marriage is a trend unique to the United States.

A researcher sends two sets of parents out to interact with others in a coffee shop and find out how people respond to one of two conditions: a gay couple with a crying male baby, and a heterosexual couple with a crying male baby.

Which of the following methodological approaches to a research project on same-sex parent families would be an experiment? a. A researcher conducts a series of interviews with same-sex and heterosexual families to understand choices surrounding insemination, surrogates, and adoption. b. A researcher distributes paper questionnaires to same-sex families asking them about their household and children. c. A researcher examines the differences in same-sex couples' adoption practices in the United States vs. Europe. d. A researcher sends two sets of parents out to interact with others in a coffee shop and find out how people respond to one of two conditions: a gay couple with a crying male baby, and a heterosexual couple with a crying male baby.

Young college graduates are moving back into their parents' homes in unprecedented numbers, as they face bleak job prospects.

Which of the following statements below best characterizes American households? a. The number of Americans living in multigenerational households has been declining for several decades. b. Young college graduates are moving back into their parents' homes in unprecedented numbers, as they face bleak job prospects. c. The declining immigrant population has contributed to the decline in multigenerational households. d. The number of grandparents living with and raising their grandchildren has declined steadily since the 1990s.

One-fifth of U.S. households today are made up of a married couple and their children.

Which of the following statements best characterizes American families today? a. The percentage of Americans who live alone has decreased over the last fifty years. b. One-fifth of U.S. households today are made up of a married couple and their children. c. Three-fifths of U.S. households today are made up of a married couple and their children. d. Men outearn their wives in roughly one in two households today.

More than half of all children saw the death of at least one parent by the time they were twenty-one years old.

Which of the following statements best describes American families in the colonial era? a. Compared with contemporary standards, the average duration of marriages was much longer. b. More than half of all children saw the death of at least one parent by the time they were twenty-one years old. c. The way in which authority was exercised would be considered exceedingly permissive by today's standards. d. The colonial family was peaceful and harmonious, unlike most contemporary families.

Women's and children's rights are more widely recognized.

Which of the following statements best describes the changes that are occurring in the family globally? a. Clans and other kin groups are increasing in influence. b. Religious backlash has resulted in more restrictions on sexuality. c. Women's and children's rights are more widely recognized. d. Birth rates are increasing.

Women invest large amounts of emotional labor in maintaining personal relationships.

Which of the following statements best represents a feminist understanding of the family? a. Men continue to bear the main responsibility for domestic tasks. b. The best way to structure a family is to have one parent responsible for the nurturing duties and another responsible for providing for the family economically. c. Women invest large amounts of emotional labor in maintaining personal relationships. d. Jobs that involve caring, such as child-care worker, nanny, or elderly companion, are among the highest paid of all occupations.

Blacks are less likely ever to marry than whites.

Which of the following statements concerning black and white families is true? a. Blacks have lower rates of childbearing outside of marriage than whites. b. Blacks are less likely ever to marry than whites. c. Blacks are more likely to marry after having a nonmarital birth than whites. d. Black families with children are less likely than white families with children to be female headed.

African American children suffered a higher rate of abuse than white and Hispanic children.

Which of the following statements concerning child abuse is true? a. The most common form of child abuse is sexual abuse. b. Almost all child deaths from abuse or neglect are recorded. c. Less than half of victims were maltreated by their parents. d. African American children suffered a higher rate of abuse than white and Hispanic children.

About one-half of children born in 1980 became members of a one-parent family.

Which of the following statements concerning divorce is true? a. About one-half of children born in 1980 became members of a one-parent family. b. Most men and women who are divorced never remarry. c. Most children are traumatized by divorce even decades after their parents separate. d. The economic well-being of women increases after divorce due to liberal alimony laws.

There is a high correlation between births outside marriage and indicators of poverty.

Which of the following statements concerning single-parent households is true? a. Most single-parent households are male headed. b. For most single mothers, being a single mother was their first choice. c. There is a high correlation between births outside marriage and indicators of poverty. d. African American families have a low proportion of single-parent households.

Research shows that people who live alone (by choice) are no better or worse off than their partnered peers.

Which of the following statements is true regarding being single? a. The number of people classified as single has declined in recent decades. b. Fewer people are living on their own after their marriages end. c. Few people want to stay single because of the stigma attached to it. d. Research shows that people who live alone (by choice) are no better or worse off than their partnered peers.

primary socialization

Which of the following terms refers to the family's role in raising a child, according to the functionalist perspective? a. primary socialization b. personality stabilization c. instrumental role d. affective role

Asian American family and friend networks often pool money to help their members start a business or buy a house.

Which of the statements below best characterizes Asian American families? a. Asian American family and friend networks often pool money to help their members start a business or buy a house. b. The median family income for Asian Americans is lower than most other racial groups. c. Asians are more likely than other racial groups to marry within their race. d. Compared to other races, Asian Americans have high levels of divorce.

functionalism

Which sociological perspective sees the family as performing important tasks that contribute to society's basic needs and helping to perpetuate the existence of major social institutions and practices? a. functionalism c. symbolic interactionism b. Marxism d. feminism

feminism

Which theoretical perspective is most likely to agree with the following statement: "Contemporary couples are seeking to be more symmetrical, but in reality men do not perform their share of the housework." a. functionalism c feminism b. postmodernism d. symbolic interactionism

industrial

Which type of society would Talcott Parsons consider the conventional family most suitable for? a. hunting and gathering c. postmodern b. agrarian d. industrial

white women

Who is MOST likely to be child-free? a. white women c. Asian women b. black women d. Hispanic women

Polygyny

_____ has grown less common over time, due to multiple social and economic conditions, including increasing levels of democracy, a declining acceptance of arranged marriage, an increase in marriages based on a desire for love and companionship, and strides in the education and human rights protections afforded to women. a. Polygyny c. Polyandry b. Belief in romantic love d. Monogamy