Chapter 12 - 13

CHAPTER 12 1) According to Erikson, the major personality achievement of adolescence is development of A) identity. B) autonomy. C) intimacy. D) trust.

: A Page Ref: 402 Skill: Remember Objective: 12.1 2) Sixteen-year-old Max has been introspective lately. He has been wondering who he really is, thinking about his values, and pondering the direction he will pursue in the future. Max is A) considering a moral dilemma. B) adopting his parents' values as his own. C) constructing his identity. D) building his self-esteem.

: B Page Ref: 411 Skill: Apply Objective: 12.5 69) As Lucinda enters adolescence, she begins to worry about walking, talking, eating, dressing, and laughing in ways consistent with a feminine gender role. Lucinda is experiencing A) gender intensification. B) identity diffusion. C) gender-role confusion. D) identity moratorium.

: A Page Ref: 414 Skill: Apply Objective: 12.6 Which of the following is linked to a variety of positive outcomes, such as prevention of delinquency, reduction in sexual activity, improved school performance, and positive psychological well-being? A) permissive parenting, noninterference with daily activities, and allowing the adolescent to withhold information from parents B) consistent parental monitoring of daily activities, through a cooperative relationship in which the adolescent willingly discloses information C) parental insistence on family closeness and obedience to authority, while insisting that the adolescent disclose all information D) acculturative stress, in which immigrant parents from cultures that highly value family closeness react strongly to adolescent disagreement

: D Page Ref: 451 Skill: Apply Objective: 13.7 104) From the freshman to the senior year of college, most students A) become better at reflecting on the quality of their thinking. B) are exposed to so many new ideas it leads to moral confusion. C) experience a significant identity crisis. D) become experts in their field of study.

: A Page Ref: 454 Skill: Understand Objective: 13.9 127) List and describe four societal factors that have encouraged widespread rapid weight gain the in the United States.

: B Page Ref: 416 Skill: Remember Objective: 12.7 Teenagers in the United States spend more time together outside the classroom than teenagers in Europe and Asia because A) European and Asian parents put strict limits on their children's free time. B) U.S. teenagers experience a shorter school year and less demanding academic standards. C) the United States has fewer public gathering places for teens. D) there is greater flexibility in school hours in Europe and Asia.

: B Page Ref: 417 Skill: Remember Objective: 12.8 90) __________ is the preferred means of electronic interaction between teenage friends. A) Texting B) Skyping C) Social networking D) Instant messaging

: B Page Ref: 420 Skill: Understand Objective: 12.8 101) Mr. Dunn is concerned about his 17-year-old daughter, who has been exchanging text messages with one particular boy. You should tell him that A) this romantic involvement will probably last through college. B) close romantic ties promote sensitivity, empathy, self-esteem, social support, and identity development. C) this relationship is probably interfering with her identity development. D) his daughter is too young for dating and is at risk for drug use and early sexual activity.

: B Page Ref: 421 Skill: Apply Objective: 12.8 105) Among U.S. teens, __________ percent have had one or more major depressive episode. A) 2 to 8 B) 9 to 14 C) 15 to 20 D) 20 to 50

: A Page Ref: 422 Skill: Understand Objective: 12.9 123) Which of the following statements about factors related to juvenile delinquency is true? A) SES and ethnicity are strongly related to teenagers' self-reports of antisocial acts. B) Families of delinquent youths tend to be low in warmth, high in conflict, and characterized by harsh, inconsistent discipline and low monitoring. C) Girls who experience parental divorce and separation are more likely to engage in antisocial behavior than boys who experience parental divorce and separation. D) Teenagers tend to commit crimes in high-SES neighborhoods where parents are more likely to be absent after school and in the early evening.

: B Page Ref: 425 Skill: Understand Objective: 12.10 124) Some studies on zero tolerance policies show that they A) drastically reduce antisocial behavior, both in and out of school. B) have only been implemented in about 20 percent of U.S. schools. C) primarily focus on severe acts of disruptive and threatening behavior. D) heighten school dropout and antisocial behaviors.

: D Page Ref: 434 Skill: Understand Objective: 13.2 23) Which of the following individuals has a higher risk of hypertension and heart disease? A) Chandra, a Caucasian-American female B) Vivica, an African-American female C) Joh, an Asian-American male D) Hunter, a Caucasian-American male

: B Page Ref: 435 Skill: Apply Objective: 13.2 40) Most Americans eat A) to maintain the body's functions. B) the recommended amounts of fruits and vegetables. C) a well-balanced diet. D) because they feel like it or it is time to do so.

: D Page Ref: 439 Skill: Understand Objective: 13.3 43) In the United States, A) overweight children usually slim down by adolescence or early adulthood. B) many people show large weight gains between the ages of 25 and 40. C) rates of overweight and obesity are starting to decline in low-SES adults. D) more adults are overweight than obese.

: B Page Ref: 439 Skill: Understand Objective: 13.3 47) Nadine, an average-weight adult, gained a small amount of weight between the ages of 25 and 50. Nadine should know that A) the weight gain is likely caused by a lack of physical activity. B) she is at high risk for heart disease. C) this is a normal part of aging, resulting from a drop in basal metabolic rate. D) the average woman gains between 2 and 5 pounds a year throughout early and middle adulthood.

: C Page Ref: 439 Skill: Apply Objective: 13.3 60) Physical activity A) improves mood, but decreases alertness. B) reduces anxiety and depression. C) increases the risk of diseases associated with smoking. D) decreases neural activity in the cerebral cortex.

: B Page Ref: 443 Skill: Understand Objective: 13.3 61) The most commonly abused substances in the United States are A) cigarettes and alcohol. B) alcohol and marijuana. C) cigarettes and over-the-counter medications. D) alcohol and prescription medications.

: A Page Ref: 444 Skill: Remember Objective: 13.4 64) __________ is the single most important preventable cause of death in industrialized nations. A) Alcoholism B) Cigarette smoking C) Drug use D) Obesity

: B Page Ref: 444 Skill: Remember Objective: 13.4 65) Which of the following statements about alcoholism is true? A) Studies show little or no genetic involvement in alcoholism. B) In men, alcoholism usually begins in the twenties and thirties. C) Contrary to popular belief, alcoholics can and do limit their alcohol use. D) Alcoholism crosses SES and ethnic lines but is higher in some groups than others.

: A Page Ref: 445-446 Skill: Remember Objective: 13.5 72) Contemporary men and women A) have fewer sexual partners over their lifetimes than a generation ago. B) differ little in average number of lifetime sexual partners. C) differ significantly in average number of lifetime sexual partners. D) have sex less often than those of a generation ago.

: B Page Ref: 446 Skill: Understand Objective: 13.5 83) Which of the following statements about sexual coercion is true? A) Less than 20 percent of U.S. women have experienced sexual aggression. B) Men who engage in sexual assault are usually from low-SES backgrounds. C) People of all SES and ethnic groups are offenders and victims. D) Men who engage in sexual assault tend to believe in nontraditional gender roles.

: A Page Ref: 450 Skill: Remember Objective: 13.6 91) _________ adults are better than __________ adults at coping with stress. A) Young; middle-aged B) Middle-aged; young C) Lower-SES; high-SES D) Male; female

: B Page Ref: 450 Skill: Remember Objective: 13.6 95) Xavier believes everything his college professor says because she is in a respected position. Xavier accepts what the professor says because he believes that knowledge is certain and the professor has that knowledge. Xavier is engaged in A) pragmatic thought. B) dualistic thinking. C) relativistic thinking. D) commitment within relativistic thinking.

: C Page Ref: 402 Skill: Apply Objective: 12.1 10) From middle to late adolescence, cognitive changes enable teenagers to A) focus mostly on positive personality traits. B) avoid the use of qualifiers in self-descriptions. C) combine their traits into an organized system. D) place less emphasis on personal and moral values than school-age children.

: C Page Ref: 402 Skill: Understand Objective: 12.2 11) Which of the following statements exemplifies 15-year-old Noah's awareness that psychological qualities can vary from one situation to the next? A) "I am honest." B) "I have a fairly quick temper." C) "I am not smart." D) "I am a good athlete."

: B Page Ref: 402 Skill: Apply Objective: 12.2 16) Which of the following factors is predictive of high self-esteem in adolescence? A) conditional support from parents and peers B) early dating C) authoritative parenting D) permissive parenting

: C Page Ref: 403 Skill: Understand Objective: 12.2 24) Which of the following statements about identity development is true? A) Adolescents of both sexes typically make progress on identity concerns before experiencing genuine intimacy in relationships. B) The majority of young people change from moratorium to foreclosure or diffusion in young adulthood. C) College students tend to make less identity progress than high school students. D) Young people who go to work immediately after high school graduation usually settle on a self-definition later than those who go to college.

: A Page Ref: 406 Box: CULTURAL INFLUENCES: Identity Development Among Ethnic Minority Adolescents Skill: Apply Objective: 12.3 35) Which of the following statements about Lawrence Kohlberg's well-known "Heinz dilemma" is true? A) Kohlberg emphasized that it is the content of the response that determines moral maturity. B) Given a choice between obeying the law and preserving individual rights, the most advanced moral thinkers focus on avoidance of punishment as a reason for behaving morally. C) Kohlberg emphasized that it is the way an individual reasons about the dilemma, not the content of the response, that determines moral maturity. D) Kohlberg noted that females more than males tended to emphasize obeying the law over the value of human life.

: C Page Ref: 407 Skill: Understand Objective: 12.4 41) In response to the "Heinz dilemma," Dolph states, "Even if his wife is dying, it is still Heinz's duty as a citizen to obey the law. If everyone started breaking the law, there'd be no civilization, just crime and violence." Dolph is at which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development? A) Stage 3: The "good-boy-good-girl" orientation B) Stage 4: The social-order-maintaining orientation C) Stage 5: The social contract orientation D) Stage 6: The universal ethical principle orientation

: A Page Ref: 418 Skill: Remember Objective: 12.8 ) Twelve-year-old Isabel spends most of her time with a group of six girls, who are friends and have similar family backgrounds, attitudes, and values. This group is Isabel's A) crowd. B) social family. C) clique. D) circle.

: C Page Ref: 419 Skill: Apply Objective: 12.8 100) Early dating A) is related to academic and social success. B) is related to drug use, delinquency, and poor academic achievement. C) promotes identity development and self-esteem. D) is more common among high-SES than low-SES teens.

: C Page Ref: 421 Skill: Remember Objective: 12.9 106) Teenage girls are __________ as likely as boys to report persistent depressed mood. A) not B) just C) twice D) three times

: C Page Ref: 421 Skill: Remember Objective: 12.9 107) Which of the following statements about adolescent depression is true? A) Serious depression affects 15 to 20 percent of U.S. teens. B) Boys are more likely than girls to report a depressed mood—a difference sustained throughout the lifespan. C) The stereotypical view of adolescence as a period of storm and stress leads many adults to minimize the seriousness of adolescent depression. D) Heredity plays little to no role in adolescent depression.

: C Page Ref: 421 Skill: Understand Objective: 12.9 113) Which of the following teenagers is at the highest risk for suicide? A) Quinn, a Caucasian-American girl B) Mercy, an African-American girl C) Lou, a Native-American boy D) Emilio, a Hispanic-American boy

: C Page Ref: 422 Skill: Apply Objective: 12.9 114) Which of the following statements about adolescent suicide is true? A) Gay, lesbian, and bisexual youths are at a high risk for suicide. B) Few suicidal adolescents have a family history of emotional problems. C) Boys make more unsuccessful suicide attempts than girls. D) The suicide rate for adolescents is much lower than the rate for adults.

: C Page Ref: 448 Skill: Understand Objective: 13.5 84) Which of the following statements about sexual coercion is true? A) Male rape victims report mostly female perpetrators. B) Less than one-third of all sexual assaults take place while people are intoxicated. C) Male victims often report that women perpetrators threatened to end a relationship unless the victim complied. D) Approximately 5 percent of female rape victims are physically injured.

: C Page Ref: 448 Skill: Understand 90) __________ adults report more depressive feelings than __________ adults. A) Young; middle-aged B) Middle-aged; young C) Middle-aged; older D) Male; female

: B Page Ref: 451 Skill: Apply Objective: 13.7 96) In college, Edward comes to the realization that his own beliefs are often subjective. He notes that his roommate, who holds vastly different beliefs from his own, has his own "truth." Edward is engaged in A) pragmatic thought. B) dualistic thinking. C) relativistic thinking. D) commitment within relativistic thinking.

: C Page Ref: 451 Skill: Apply Objective: 13.7 97) Karen considers two theories she studied in her college philosophy course. She determines that neither theory is entirely accurate, and she tries to formulate a more satisfying perspective that synthesizes contradictions. Karen is engaged in A) pragmatic thought. B) dualistic thinking. C) relativistic thinking. D) commitment within relativistic thinking.

: A Page Ref: 404 Skill: Understand Objective: 12.3 29) Adolescents who assume that absolute truth is always attainable tend to be A) identity-achieved. B) identity-diffused. C) in moratorium. D) identity-foreclosed.

: D Page Ref: 404 Skill: Understand Objective: 12.3 32) Roni is an adolescent immigrant from a collectivist culture. The longer his family has been in the United States, the lesser Roni feels committed to obeying his parents and fulfilling family obligations. As a result, Roni may experience A) acculturative stress. B) bicultural avoidance. C) ethnic-identity foreclosure. D) ethnic-identity moratorium.

: B Page Ref: 408 Skill: Apply Objective: 12.4 54) Parents can foster adolescents' moral understanding by A) placing limits on their free time. B) allowing them to make adult decisions without interference. C) asserting their own personal opinions frequently. D) asking clarifying questions.

: D Page Ref: 410 Skill: Understand Objective: 12.5 61) Mrs. Shigoka wants to strengthen her high school students' moral identity. What type of classroom should she create? A) teacher-directed, in which Mrs. Shigoka lectures about various social issues and students take notes B) a just educational environment, in which Mrs. Shigoka guides the students in democratic decision making and rule setting C) student-directed, in which Mrs. Shigoka allows her students to work individually on their own selected pursuits D) a moral-religious educational environment, in which Mrs. Shigoka instructs the students in both religious principles and secular education

: Yes, the Smiths should be concerned about Wesley because he is exhibiting some of the warning signs of suicide. The warning signs include: Efforts to put personal affairs in order—smoothing over troubled relationships, giving away treasured possessions Verbal cues—saying goodbye to family members and friends, making direct or indirect references to suicide ("I won't have to worry about these problems much longer"; "I wish I were dead") Feelings of sadness, despondency, "not caring" anymore Extreme fatigue, lack of energy, boredom No desire to socialize; withdrawal from friends Easily frustrated Emotional outbursts—spells of crying or laughing, bursts of energy Inability to concentrate, distractible Decline in grades, absence from school, discipline problems Neglect of personal appearance Sleep change—loss of sleep or excessive sleepiness Appetite change—eating more or less than usual Physical complaints—stomachaches, backaches, headaches CHAPTER 13 2) Biological aging A) is underway in adolescence. B) begins in middle adulthood. C) is similar across various parts of the body. D) can be modified substantially through interventions.

: D Page Ref: 432 Skill: Understand Objective: 13.1 21) During the twenties and thirties, changes in physical appearance and declines in body functioning are A) more noticeable in men than in women. B) more noticeable in women than in men. C) rapid and obvious. D) so gradual that most are hardly noticeable.

: D Page Ref: 444 Skill: Understand Objective: 13.4 66) Alcoholism is a more common problem in cultures where alcohol is A) regularly served to and around minors. B) a traditional part of ceremonial activities. C) a common part of religious activities. D) a carefully controlled sign of adulthood.

: D Page Ref: 444 Skill: Understand Objective: 13.4 71) After meeting through friends, the most common way to meet a partner is A) on the Internet. B) at school events. C) at work. D) at church.

: D Page Ref: 426 Skill: Understand Objective: 12.10 Define acculturative stress. How can society help minority adolescents resolve identity conflicts constructively?

: In many immigrant families from collectivist cultures, adolescents' commitment to obeying their parents and fulfilling family obligations lessens the longer the family has been in the immigrant-receiving country—a circumstance that induces acculturative stress, psychological distress resulting from conflict between the minority and the host culture. Society can help adolescents resolve identity conflicts constructively by: Promoting effective parenting, in which children and adolescents benefit from family ethnic pride yet are encouraged to explore the meaning of ethnicity in their own lives. Ensuring that schools respect minority youths' native languages, unique learning styles, and right to high-quality education. Fostering contact with peers of the same ethnicity, along with respect between ethnic groups. Page Ref: 406 Box: CULTURAL INFLUENCES: Identity Development Among Ethnic Minority Adolescents 131) Mr. and Mrs. Smith are concerned about their 15-year-old son, Wesley. He has withdrawn from his friends and seems depressed. Recently, Wesley stated, "You'd be better off if I were dead." Should the Smiths be concerned? Provide them with the warning signs of suicide.

: Several societal factors have encouraged widespread rapid weight gain: Availability of cheap commercial fat and sugar. The 1970s saw two massive changes in the U.S. food economy: the discovery and mass production of high-fructose corn syrup and the importation of palm oil. Use of corn syrup, which is six times as sweet as ordinary sugar, and palm oil, which is high in saturated fat, lowered the production costs of soft drinks and calorie-dense convenience foods. Portion supersizing. When fast-food chains increased portion sizes substantially at minimal price hikes, customers thronged to buy "value meals." Research reveals that when presented with larger portions, individuals 2 years and older increase their intake, on average, by 25 to 30 percent. Increasingly busy lives. With more working women in the workforce and both genders working more hours, meal preparation time shrank and eating out increased. Declining rates of physical activity. During the 1980s, physical activity started to fall as Americans spent more time in sedentary transportation and jobs. At home, a rise in TV viewing has been linked to weight gain. Page Ref: 440 Box: SOCIAL ISSUES: HEALTH: The Obesity Epidemic: How Americans Became the Heaviest People in the World 128) Discuss the prevalence of alcoholism in the United States. What are the risk factors for alcoholism?

: National surveys reveal that about 10 percent of men and 3 percent of women in the United States are heavy drinkers. About one-third of them are alcoholics—people who cannot limit their alcohol use. In men, alcoholism usually begins in the teens and early twenties and worsens over the following decade. In women, its onset is typically later, in the twenties and thirties, and its course is more variable. Many alcoholics are also addicted to other substances, including nicotine and illegal mood-altering drugs. Twin and adoption studies support a genetic contribution to alcoholism. Genes moderating alcohol metabolism and those influencing impulsivity and sensation seeking (temperamental traits linked to alcohol addiction) are involved. But whether a person comes to deal with life's problems through drinking is greatly affected by environment: Half of alcoholics have no family history of problem drinking. Alcoholism crosses SES and ethnic lines but is higher in some groups than others. In cultures where alcohol is a traditional part of religious or ceremonial activities, people are less likely to abuse it. Where access to alcohol is carefully controlled and viewed as a sign of adulthood, dependency is more likely. Poverty, hopelessness, and a history of physical or sexual abuse in childhood are among factors that sharply increase the risk of excessive drinking. Page Ref: 444 129) How does psychological stress affect health in early adulthood?