Chapter 12
About what proportion of the population has diabetes mellitus?
8.3%
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is the most common type of diabetes.
False, Type 2 is
Polyphagia
Means excessive hunger
Control of Diabetes Mellitus TYPE 1 involves taking insulin (can only be administered by injection. Many people use an insulin pump) as well as lifestyle measures:
Regular physical activity Eating a healthy diet Regularly monitoring blood glucose
In Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, the body
Resists the effects of insulin. Does not produce enough insulin to maintain a normal blood sugar.
Identify three microvascular injuries associated with diabetes
Retinopathy (eye damage) Nephropathy (kidney damage) Neuropathy (nerve damage)
What are the S&S of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?
-Polyphagia, Polydipsia, Polyuria - Weight loss - Slow wound healing - Numbness, tingling of the hands and feet - Blurred vision - Fatigue
T1DM is an AUTOIMMUNE disease that is typically diagnosed in childhood or adolescence. Peak incidence is _____________________ years of age.
10-14 years old
Risk factors for developing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus include which of the following?
Age over 45 years. History of gestational diabetes History of high blood pressure History of high cholesterol or Hyperlipidemia.
Glycosylated Hemoglobin (Hb) test
Also referred to as the A1c Hb test. In the case of persistent hyperglycemia, extra glucose in the blood attaches to hemoglobin. The test measures the three-month average of glucose that has attached to hemoglobin. Normal is an A1c less than 6.
Macrovascular injury
Chronic complication of Diabetes, cardiovascular disease
Microvascular injury
Chronic complication of Diabetes, eyes, kidneys and nerves
Why do people with Diabetes develop Polydipsia?
Because of high blood sugar
Type 1 Diabetes mellitus involves destruction of the ________ cells of the pancreas.
Beta cells
Gestational diabetes refers to
Diabetes that may develop during pregnancy
Type 1 diabetes has two life threatening complications related to taking too much insulin or not taking enough insulin:
Diabetic coma from not enough insulin or eating too many carbohydrates. & Insulin shock from taking too much insulin, not eating enough food, or exercising too much.
What is the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease?
Diabetic nephropathy
What is the leading cause of blindness in people aged 20 to 74 years of age?
Diabetic retinopathy
Treatment of insulin shock?
Emergency Intravenous glucose
Diabetes is an __________________ disease of impaired glucose regulation and ___________ (hyper? hypo?) glycemia.
Endocrine disease, hyperglycemia
HYPERglycemia means
Excess glucose in the blood
Polyuria
Excessive production of dilute urine
Polydipsia
Extreme thirst
People with diabetes experience weight gain due to polyphagia and increased food consumption.
F, weight loss
Which of the following tests can be used to detect problems with blood glucose levels?
Fasting blood glucose (FBS) Glucose tolerance test Glycosylated hemoglobin test
Ketoacidosis makes a person's breath smell
Fruity
The etiology of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a complex interaction of three primary factors:
Genetics, environmental factors and lifestyle choices
Giving birth to a baby over 9 pounds, being overweight, having a family history of Type 2 Diabetes, and being over age 25 are risk factors for __________________________________________.
Gestational diabetes
Gestational diabetes is diagnosed by an oral ______test.
Glucose tolerance
What is a diabetes problem associated with children who are obese or overweight?
Inc risk of developing type 2 diabetes as young adults
Diabetes medication (given orally) works to control blood sugar in one or more of the following ways:
Increase body's sensitivity to insulin, lower glucose production in the liver and stimulate pancreas to produce and release more insulin
Gestational diabetes is due to resistance to the effects of ________________________ related to the metabolic effects of pregnancy that increase insulin requirements.
Insulin
Several problems can contribute to hyperglycemia:
Insulin deficiency, reduction in insulin secretion, decreased glucose utilization and increased glucose production
A lack of availability of glucose, a primary energy source for cells, leads to cells using protein and fat for energy and consequent _______________________ production.
Ketone
S&S of Insulin Shock
Lightheaded Trembling (shaking) Sweating (diaphoresis) Mental confusion to coma
T1DM is characterized by the production of
Little or no insulin production
The onset of Type 2 Diabetes can be prevented or DELAYED by doing what two things?
Losing weight and exercising
What is the major cause of death in people living with diabetes?
Macrovascular disease (cardiovascular disease)
The majority of people with diabetes have damage to the their nerves, called
Neuropathy
Diabetic nerve damage S&S
Numbness or tingling in the hands Severe burning muscle aches Loss of sensation in the feet and poor circulation can lead to amputations
S&S of diabetic coma (not enough insulin) = hyperglycemia?
Polyuria Polydipsia Polyphagia Dehydration Ketoacidosis
Diabetics who take insulin to control their blood sugars are advised to wear an emergency ID bracelet.
T
Even a 5% weight loss can help those living with diabetes to manage their blood glucose more effectively.
T
Individuals who have Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus cannot effectively use oral medication to control their blood sugar. They must use INSULIN.
T
Insulin shock is very dangerous due to the speed with which it occurs and the lack of glucose available to the cells.
T
Most women with gestational diabetes return to having a normal glucose tolerance test after giving birth.
T
The majority of people who have diabetes, have type 2 diabetes.
T
Women with gestational diabetes have an increased risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later in their lives.
T
Polyphagia, Polydipsia, and Polyuria are S&S of
T2DM
Hormones produced by the placenta during pregnancy lead to higher blood glucose levels in pregnant women but most women can accommodate that change.
True
Research indicates that weight loss surgery can reverse and possibly cure Type 2 Diabetes
True
Three major types of Diabetes:
Type I Type 2 Gestational
Type 1 DM is most commonly found in people of what race/ethnicity?
White/Caucasian