Chapter 12

A key theme of object relations theory is that ________. A) every relationship has elements of satisfaction and frustration B) every relationship is either pleasurable or frustrating C) unconscious processes determine the conflict among one's objects D) we are often able to overcome early maladaptive relationships and form mature love relationships

A

According to Melanie Klein, a child who idealizes a parent also _________. A) feels hatred toward that parent B) feels unconditional love toward that parent C) desires to have all of that parent's traits D) feels very ambivalent toward that parent

A

According to Melanie Klein, the _________ position refers to a child's desire to worship and protect the good parts of an object because they fear losing them. A) depressive B) constructive C) enhancing D) paranoid

A

According to the text, what is one reason why psychoanalytic theory is not advancing in academic departments? A) Research psychologists are often ignorant of psychoanalytic thinking. B) No one is interested in psychoanalytic thinking, even psychoanalysts. C) Psychoanalytic thinking has been perfected with object relations theory so there is no room for advancement. D) Neo-Freudians respect Freud too much to contradict his theory.

A

Adult behavior, according to Horney, is based on efforts ________. A) to overcome the fear of being alone in a hostile world B) to deal with recurring Oedipal crises C) to resolve interpersonal conflicts with significant others D) to repress the collective unconscious

A

Compared to Freud, ego psychologists pay a good deal of attention to ________. A) conscious thought B) unconscious thought C) relationships with fathers D) the Big Five traits

A

In middle age, we experience the psychosocial crisis of ________ according to Erikson. A) generativity versus stagnation B) intimacy versus isolation C) integrity versus despair D) industry versus inferiority

A

Jane feels inferior to the people around her, but she tries to act like she is powerful and in control. Adler would say that Jane is ________. A) experiencing the masculine protest B) expressing her animus C) developing a persona D) obsessed with penis envy

A

Jimmy is a five-year-old boy. When his parents leave him with a babysitter, he latches onto his stuffed animal, Tim. In the terminology of the object relations theorist D. W. Winnicott, Tim is _________. A) a transitional object B) an ego object C) a reflection of Jimmy's fixation in the oral stage of development D) a reflection of Jimmy's fixation in the Oedipal stage of development

A

Most neo-Freudians differ from Freud in three major respects. Which of the following is NOT one of these differences? A) They rely on a more scientific approach than did Freud. B) Sex is emphasized less by neo-Freudians. C) Conscious processes are emphasized more by neo-Freudians. D) They emphasize interpersonal relationships as the source of psychological health.

A

Research suggests that anxious-ambivalent children are relatively likely to grow up to be adults who tend to _________. A) be obsessed with their romantic partners B) be relatively uninterested in romantic relationships C) have high self-esteem and confidence D) enjoy long, stable romantic relationships

A

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator measures ________. A) the Jungian classification of the four basic ways of thinking B) prototypical images of women and men C) the functioning of archetypes D) aspects of Erikson's psychosocial stages of development

A

The psychological goal of attachment is _________. A) to feel secure B) to possess the parent sexually C) to avoid conflict with authority figures D) to manipulate others

A

What is the anima? A) a man's idealized conception of women B) a woman's idealized conception of men C) the idealized conception of a non-human animal D) the idealized conception of humankind

A

Which of the following concepts is NOT associated with Adler? A) feminine protest B) inferiority complex C) lifestyle D) organ inferiority

A

According to Ainsworth, what are the three types of attachment in children? A) anxious-ambivalent, avoidant, dependant B) anxious-ambivalent, avoidant, secure C) anxious-ambivalent, dependant, secure D) avoidant, dependent, secure

B

According to Winnicott, a niffle is _________. A) an affectionate name for a friend who helps children cope with separation from parents B) a transitional object that helps children bridge the gap between fantasy and reality C) an imaginary friend that helps children cope with separation from parents D) a technique to measure objects in children

B

Freud's oral stage corresponds to Erikson's stage of ________. A) generativity versus stagnation B) basic trust versus mistrust C) initiative versus guilt D) autonomy versus shame and doubt

B

Horney felt that if women experience penis envy, it symbolizes their ________. A) desire to actually possess a penis B) lack of power and control in society C) rejection of motherhood D) dissatisfaction with their own bodies

B

Horney's major deviation from traditional Freudian ideas was her ________. A) emphasis on anxiety B) view of penis envy C) ideas about the development of neurotic needs D) link between adult functioning and childhood struggles

B

In Erikson's scheme, we progress from one crisis to another according to ________. A) processes of physical maturation B) developmental tasks at different times of life C) the successful repression of inappropriate id impulses D) the physical location of libido at each stage

B

In Erikson's view, important aspects of psychological development ________. A) occur primarily in early childhood B) continue to change throughout the life span C) depend on the resolution of the Oedipal complex D) involve the investment of the libido at each stage

B

In order for a person to develop an inferiority complex, he or she must ________. A) actually have some disability that makes him or her inferior to others B) perceive himself or herself as inferior to others C) have parents who pushed him or her to be perfect D) All of the above.

B

Jung believed that we all share inborn, species-specific ideas and memories. This is Jung's idea of ________. A) social interests B) collective unconscious C) anima D) generativity

B

One difference between the neo-Freudians and Freud is that nearly all neo-Freudians A) place more emphasis on early childhood development. B) put more emphasis on interpersonal relationships. C) adhere to evolutionary theory and emphasize the importance of sex as a motivator. D) emphasize the importance of unconscious processes in the determination of behavior.

B

Paul is always concerned about how he appears to others and thus wears a carefully chosen public "face" in every situation. According to Jung, Paul has ________. A) effectively mediated between his animus and anima B) become obsessed with his persona C) created a false archetype D) overcompensated for his sense of inferiority

B

Research suggests that avoidant children are likely to grow up to be adults who tend to _________. A) be obsessed with their romantic partners B) be relatively uninterested in romantic relationships C) have high self-esteem and confidence D) enjoy long, stable romantic relationships

B

Susie is an infant participating in the strange situation. When her mother leaves the room, Susie does not seem to care. Upon her mother's return, Susie ignores her. What kind of attachment does Susie have toward her mother? A) anxious-ambivalent B) avoidant C) dependent D) secure

B

The object relations theorist Melanie Klein suggests that important love relationships are mixed with emotions such as envy, fear, and guilt. People react to these emotions by ________. A) avoiding close relationships B) using the defense mechanism of idealization C) regressing to early stages of psychosexual development D) adopting a new "object"

B

What is the animus? A) a man's idealized conception of women B) a woman's idealized conception of men C) the idealized conception of a non-human animal D) the idealized conception of humankind

B

Which of the following Freudian ideas is NOT supported by modern research? A) Repression works as a defense mechanism. B) The Oedipal crisis occurs in the phallic stage. C) Much of what the mind does is unconscious. D) All of the above.

B

Which sequence represents the correct order for Erikson's first three psychosocial stages? A) basic trust vs. mistrust; initiative vs. guilt; autonomy vs. shame and doubt B) basic trust vs. mistrust; autonomy vs. shame and doubt; initiative vs. guilt C) basic trust vs. mistrust; initiative vs. guilt; identity vs. identity confusion D) identity vs. identity confusion; intimacy vs. isolation; basic trust vs. mistrust

B

A major difference between Erikson's theory of personality development and Freud's theory is Erikson's idea regarding ________. A) the functioning of the id and the physical location of libido B) development as occurring in a series of stages C) the function of the ego and the role of conscious conflict D) the importance of parents to a child's development

C

According to Erikson, adolescents are likely to face a(n) ________. A) inferiority complex B) struggle for intimacy C) identity crisis D) sense of shame and doubt

C

According to the object relations theorist D. W. Winnicott, the purpose of a false self is _________. A) to compensate for an inferiority complex B) to defend the superego from unconscious urges C) to protect the true self by keeping it invisible D) to compensate for the fact that we cannot have our loved ones with us all the time or forever

C

Adler felt that ________ was the prime motivator of human thought and behavior. A) the collective unconscious B) animus C) social interest D) anxiety

C

An element of Freudian theory that has been maintained in modern attachment theory and research is that _________. A) Attachments can form only between mothers and infants. B) The attachment bond is formed by the caregiver meeting the child's oral needs. C) Early relationships with parents form models for later romantic attachments. D) Attachment styles are determined by the successful resolution of the Oedipal crisis.

C

Freud's phallic stage corresponds to Erikson's stage of ________. A) industry versus inferiority B) basic trust versus mistrust C) initiative versus guilt D) autonomy versus shame and doubt

C

In psychoanalytic terms, objects are ________. A) pieces of unconscious material against which the ego defends itself B) patients undergoing psychoanalytic therapy C) created by emotionally important people in one's life D) created by emotionally unimportant people in one's life

C

Mike's prototypical woman is sensitive and intelligent. Mike's idealized image of a woman is his ________. A) unconscious compensation B) animus C) anima D) feminine persona

C

Modern developmental psychology has been most influenced by Erikson's idea that development ________. A) occurs in stages B) is influenced by parents C) happens across the life span D) is dependent on physical maturation

C

Some psychologists maintain that your relationships with other people are based on the images of them that you hold in your mind. Psychologists who emphasize this are known as ________ theorists. A) Adlerian B) Freudian C) object relations D) ego

C

Tom was a sickly child and always felt helpless. According to Adler, as an adult Tom will probably ________. A) be a complete invalid B) lose all interest in his social environment C) attempt to overcompensate D) become obsessed with his persona

C

What is the overarching principle of object relations theory? A) Dream objects have a special significance to the person's waking life. B) Every object we encounter reflects our unconscious experience. C) We relate to others through our mental images of them. D) We project psychological characteristics on physical objects

C

Which of the following is NOT one of the neurotic needs Horney theorized? A) the need to find a partner who will solve all of one's problems B) the need to be loved by everybody C) the need to feel accepted and secure D) the need to be independent of everybody

C

Which of the following is generally TRUE about neo-Freudians? A) They are strict followers of Freudian ideas. B) They represent the majority of psychologists working in universities today. C) They use the same research methods Freud advocated. D) They rarely practice psychoanalysis.

C

According to Adler, what is social interest? A) the tendency to observe other people in their natural environments B) his personal measure of sociability C) an interest in dominance D) the desire to relate positively to others

D

According to Melanie Klein, the _________ position refers to a child's desire to destroy the bad parts of an object because they fear being destroyed by them. A) depressive B) destructive C) psychotic D) paranoid

D

According to Westen, which of the following might be described as psychoanalytic research? A) a study of the social cognitive origins of aggressive behavior B) a study to determine the impact of early child-rearing practices on adult personality characteristics C) a study of the role of defensive pessimism in maintaining health D) All of the above.

D

According to the object relations theorist D. W. Winnicott, the purpose of a transitional object is _________. A) to compensate for an inferiority complex B) to defend the superego from unconscious urges C) to protect the true self by keeping it invisible D) to compensate for the fact that we cannot have our loved ones with us all the time

D

Dr. Ders is a psychotherapist who emphasizes the importance of relating to others as real people who have mixtures of virtues and vices. Dr. Ders is most likely a therapist in the tradition of _________. A) Freud B) Jung C) Allport D) object relations theory

D

Ellen is a fifty-year-old woman who is raising her two grandchildren, is active in her community, and is learning how to paint. According to Erikson's theory, Ellen has chosen ________. A) industry B) initiative C) integrity D) generativity

D

Freud's anal stage corresponds to Erikson's stage of ________. A) generativity versus stagnation B) basic trust versus mistrust C) initiative versus guilt D) autonomy versus shame and doubt

D

Freud's latency period corresponds to Erikson's stage of ________. A) generativity versus stagnation B) identity versus identity confusion C) initiative versus guilt D) industry versus inferiority

D

In Jungian terms, the recurring images repeated in dreams, myths, and literature are called ________. A) id prototypes B) animus and anima C) personas D) archetype

D

Jung's distinction between people who are oriented outwardly, toward the world, and those who are turned in on themselves corresponds to ________. A) Erikson's stage of intimacy versus isolation B) Freud's ideas of the oral and anal character types C) Jung's own concept of animus and anima D) the extraversion-introversion dimension of the Big Five

D

Most neo-Freudians rely on information from ________ to test or verify their ideas. A) controlled experiments B) archival and field studies C) Freud's original case descriptions D) patient histories and introspection

D

The idea that men and women each have a masculine and a feminine side is linked to Jung's ideas about ________. A) intimacy and isolation B) inferiority and compensation C) the collective unconscious D) animus and anima

D

Which of the following Freudian ideas were reinterpreted by David Funder in the textbook? A) identification with parents during the phallic stage B) the stages of psychosexual development C) the definition of libido D) All of the above.

D

Which statement is TRUE regarding the influence of Freud? A) Freud developed consistently accurate ideas about the human mind. B) Freud's ideas were widely accepted during his time. C) Few people find psychoanalytic theory interesting or insightful. D) Freudian ideas continue to influence psychology today.

D