Chapter 12

What is a social role?

a pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group

Rhona and Jerome share each other's thoughts and feelings and are prepared to support each other, but they do not feel any real passion toward each other. They have a relationship based on ________ love.

companionate

Lenny and Ruth have a love relationship characterized by high levels of intimacy and commitment. They have been married for 14 years and report that they haven't experienced passion in their relationship for some time. Using the triangular model, their love would be described as:

companionate love.

In Stanley Milgram's obedience research, the person playing the part of the "learner" was an accomplice, or ________, of the experiment. He was aware of the true purpose of the research, was never shocked, and was acting according to Milgramâ s instructions.

confederate

Lamar asks his dad for a new Lexus for his birthday. When his dad quickly shuts his request down, Lamar asks his dad for a much less expensive used Chevy and his dad agrees. What compliance technique is Lamar using?

door-in-the-face

When Jacob came home from work upset about a disagreement he'd had with his boss, his wife Jodi sat down to listen to him. She imagined the argument that had occurred, and tried to understand how her husband was feeling. Jodi is demonstrating a high level of ________.

empathy

What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

environment and culture

Declining in middle and later adulthood, the ability to think abstractly and flexibly in solving problems is referred to as:

fluid intelligence.

Mike begs his mom to go to his friend Will's house for dinner. She agrees and after dinner, Mike calls his mom to ask if he can also spend the night. Mike is using the compliance technique.

foot in the door

Which type of persuasion approach involves encouraging a person to agree to a small favor or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a larger item?

foot-in-the-door technique

According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use abstract thinking processes?

formal operational

Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?

object permanence

Cognitive dissonance results when:

one's attitudes and behaviors are inconsistent.

Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this?

permissive

A ________ is a concept (mental model) that is used to help us categorize and interpret information.

schema

What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

genes and biology

What is the correct order of stages of prenatal development?

germinal, embryonic, fetal

Which of the following is the best example of the foot-in-the-door technique of persuasion?

getting your parents to agree to cut their smoking down by a few cigarettes, then asking them to quit altogether

Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this?

secure

What is the correct order of Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

sensorimotor; preoperational; concrete operational; formal operational

When Ginger goes on runs with her friends, she runs much faster than when she is alone. What is this an example of?

social facilitation

What was the main conclusion drawn from the Stanford prison experiment?

social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior

Which of the following is the leading cause of dementia?

Alzheimer's disease

Robin's parents are incredibly strict and rarely show her love and affection. What type of parenting style do Robin's parents have?

Authoritarian

What is the primary determinant of a child's attachment style?

The consistency with which their needs are met by their caregiver.

In 1956, a psychologist set up an experiment in which people were shown a 10-inch line. They had to choose the line (from a group of three) that was the same length as the original line. conducted this experiment in order to study .

Solomon Asch; conformity

According to ________, lifespan development encompasses eight stages and at each stage we encounter a psychosocial crisis that must be resolved.

Erik Erikson

Which statement about groupthink is correct?

Group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus.

What is the main point of the textbook discussion of Milgram's obedience study?

Individuals will obey authority to the point of potentially causing serious harm to another person.

John believes that all Americans are lazy and rude. This is an example of:

John believes that all Americans are lazy and rude. This is an example of:

What do developmental psychologists study?

Physical, emotional, cognitive, and social aspects of development over the entire lifespan.

Which of the following illustrates conservation?

Scott knows that one piece of pizza cut into two slices is the same amount as cutting the same piece of pizza into three slices.

Daniel's friends are a year older than him. They took calculus last year and constantly complained about the difficulty of the class. Daniel is taking calculus this year and he doesn't expect that he is capable of passing the class. As a result, he never does his homework or studies and he ends up with a failing midterm grade. This is an example of:

a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Which of the following is the best example of peripheral route persuasion?

anti-smoking advertisements that rely on celebrity spokespeople advocating for reduction in cigarette use

Which of the following is the best example of central route persuasion?

anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year

One-year-old Ainsley learned the schema for trucks because her family has a truck. When Ainsley sees cars driving on television, she says, "Look mommy, truck!" This exemplifies ________.

assimilation

Victoria has learned that she has metastatic breast cancer and has only a few months to live. She immediately goes to church and prays that she will "change her ways" and will become a model Christian if God will just heal her illness. Victoria is at the _______ stage of grieving.

bargaining

Fantasia believes that people with blue eyes are somehow more creative than other people. Whenever Fantasia encounters a person that has blue eyes and is creative, she places greater importance on this evidence supporting her already existing belief. At the same time, Fantasia ignores any evidence that people without blue eyes might display exceptional creativity. This is called a(n) ________.

confirmation bias

Henry is juror number four in a murder trial. He believes the accused is guilty, but when the jurors vote it becomes clear he is the only one that thinks this way. Henry votes not guilty along with the other jurors despite what he sees as evidence clearly indicating guilt. This is an example of:

conformity.

Moral reasoning based on conformity with social rules is characteristic of which level of moral development?

conventional

Lucas walks around his busy college campus between classes. He notices smoke coming out from one of the buildings, but decides not to call the fire department because he assumes that someone else has already called. What psychological phenomenon does this example illustrate?

diffusion of responsibility

Suppose you are walking down a street. A woman has fallen down, but because there are so many people around it does not occur to you that you should help. You just assume someone else is about to help her and keep walking. This is an example of ________.

diffusion of responsibility

When development proceeds in a stepwise fashion with periods of growth interrupted by periods where growth is not occurring, we'd say that development is taking a(n) ________ trajectory.

discontinuous

Fifteen-year-old Mareek believes that other people are as interested in him as he is. This reflects which aspect of adolescent cognitive development?

imaginary audience

Rachel and her daughter, Emma, are participating in a replication of Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation. Emma paid little attention to Rachel when she was in the room. When Rachel leaves the room, Emma shows little distress. Finally, when Rachel returns, Emma ignored her. Based on Emma's behavior, it is most likely that Emma has a(n) _____ attachment style.

insecure-avoidant

Britta knows that it is wrong to break into a store that is closed, but there is a medical emergency and she has no cell phone with her. Her date has collapsed on the street and is having a seizure. Britta breaks the window of a local store, unlocks the door, and lets herself in to call the police. She stays behind to explain her behavior to the store owner, who shows up shortly after he is called. Britta is operating at the ________ level of Kohlberg's theory of morality.

post-conventional

Elroy decided not to cheat on the exam because he would fail the class if he was caught and he'd get punished by his parents. What stage of moral development does this exemplify?

pre-conventional

A negative attitude and feeling toward an individual that is based solely on that person's membership in a specific group is called ________.

prejudice

Joe is three-years-old and highly egocentric. He understands object permanence but does not yet understand conservation. Joe is most likely in the _____ stage of cognitive development.Joe is three-years-old and highly egocentric. He understands object permanence but does not yet understand conservation. Joe is most likely in the _____ stage of cognitive development.

preoperational

When Ruby wrecked her car, she told her parents that the sun was in her eyes, which caused her to crash. When Ruby received a perfect score on her math test, she attributed her success to her intelligence. Ruby is demonstrating:

the self-serving bias.