Chapter 12

In Africa, Lake Victoria is home to many distinct species of cichlid fish that vary in color from blue to red. Cichlid fish species that live in shallow water are blue and prefer to mate with other blue fish, whereas cichlid fish species that live in deep water are red and prefer to mate with other red fish. All of the cichlid fish species evolved from a single ancestrial species and live together in the same habitat. The cichlid fish in Lake Victoria are an example of which type of speciation? - sympatric speciation - parapatric speciation - allopatric speciation - reproductive isolation

sympatric speciation

Phase 1 of the formation of life on earth was the formation of small molecules containing carbon and hydrogen. Phase 2 was the formation of self-replicating, information-containing molecules. Phase 3 was: - the development of a nucleus, enabling metabolism and creating the first cells. - the formation of DNA. - the development of a membrane, enabling metabolism and creating the first cells. - the formation of RNA. - the cooling of the earth to a temperature conducive to life.

the development of a membrane, enabling metabolism and creating the first cells.

What is sympatric speciation? - evolution of analogous structures not present in the last common ancestor of two species - the divergence of two species from a common ancestor while in the same geographical location - two species diverging from a common ancestor due to geographical isolation - prevention of gene flow between two populations due to physical or behavioral barriers - the reintroduction of geographically isolated species that leads to the production of viable hybrids

the divergence of two species from a common ancestor while in the same geographical location

Which accurately states the goal of systematics? - a way to include all biological entities, including viruses, in the tree of life - the separation of all organisms into four separate kingdoms - the acknowledgment that ancestral eukaryotes gave rise to ancestral bacteria and archaeans - the grouping of organisms into categories that reflects their evolutionary history - the grouping of organisms into three large polyphyletic categories

the grouping of organisms into categories that reflects their evolutionary history *Today, with the advent of genetic analysis, it is possible to determine the genome of an organism and determine its biological relatedness to other species.

The mass extinction that occurred on earth 66 million years ago was immediately followed by: - the rise of archaea. - the emergence of the first non-photosynthetic organisms. - the rise of the reptiles, including the dinosaurs. - an increase in atmospheric oxygen levels. - the rapid divergence and radiation of modern mammals.

the rapid divergence and radiation of modern mammals.

Prokaryotes are classified into __________ domain(s). - one - two - three - four - five

two

What is allopatric speciation? - evolution of analogous structures not present in the last common ancestor of two species - prevention of gene flow between two populations due to physical or behavioral barriers - two species diverging from a common ancestor due to geographical isolation - the divergence of two species from a common ancestor while in the same geographical location - the reintroduction of geographically isolated species that leads to the production of viable hybrids

two species diverging from a common ancestor due to geographical isolation

According to the biological species concept definition of a species, what characteristics do individuals belonging to the same species share? ☐ exclusively make up a community ☐ produce viable offspring ☐ reproduce under natural conditions ☐ morphological uniformity

☒ produce viable offspring ☒ reproduce under natural conditions

The length of time that life has existed on Earth is closest to: - 3.5 million years. - 13.8 billion years. - 3.5 billion years. - 3500 years.

3.5 billion years

Which of the following scenarios would best facilitate adaptive radiation? - A population of birds native to an island archipelago is forced to relocate to the mainland by a storm. - A population of cheetahs goes through an event in which all genetic diversity in the population is wiped out. - Darker-colored moths have a selective advantage over lighter-colored moths due to industrial soot on trees. - A population of birds becomes stranded on an island archipelago. - All of the above are equally likely to facilitate adaptive radiation.

A population of birds becomes stranded on an island archipelago.

The domain __________ consists of organisms characterized by the eukaryotic cell. A. Eukarya B. Bacteria C. Animals D. Protists E. Archaea

A. Eukarya

All mammals have hair because they inherited this trait from a common ancestor. In this case, hair is __________. A. a homologous feature B. an analogous trait C. a convergent feature D. a phenotypic similarity E. independently evolved

A. a homologous feature

Analogous traits are the result of __________ and can lead to erroneous conclusions about ancestral relationships. A. convergent evolution B. divergent evolution C. common ancestry D. relatedness E. inheritance

A. convergent evolution

Archaea are found in extreme habitats. Those living in very salty habitats are referred to as __________. A. halophiles B. extremophiles C. thermophiles D. acidophiles E. hydrophiles

A. halophiles

Phylogenies for bacteria are complicated to create because bacteria engage in __________, in which they pass genes between species. A. horizontal gene transfer B. reproduction C. fusion D. meiosis E. vertical gene transfer

A. horizontal gene transfer

Background extinctions are different from mass extinctions in that background extinction __________. A. occurs at lower rates when mass extinctions aren't occurring B. takes a large number of species over a short period of time C. number is fewer than mass extinctions in the history of the Earth D. occurs because of extraordinary and sudden changes to the environment E. takes both fit and unfit individuals

A. occurs at lower rates when mass extinctions aren't occurring

Polyploidy is more common in plants than animals because __________. A. plants, not animals, are more likely to self-fertilize B. chromosome number is less important in plants than in animals C. errors during meiosis are less likely in animals than in plants D. errors during mitosis are less likely in animals than in plants E. none of the above; polyploidy is equally common in plants and animals

A. plants, not animals, are more likely to self-fertilize

Individuals of separate species cannot interbreed because of physical differences that prevent mating. This kind of barrier is a __________ barrier. A. prezygotic B. postzygotic C. zygotic D. mating E. behavioral

A. prezygotic

Which phase of speciation occurs first in the process? A. reproductive isolation B. genetic divergence C. natural selection D. disturbance E. genetic convergence

A. reproductive isolation

Carl Woese, an American biologist, and his colleagues developed the domain as a level of classification based on the examination of __________, found in all living organisms. A. ribosomal RNA B. nuclear DNA C. proteins D. amino acids E. lipids

A. ribosomal RNA

A population that diverges into two species while sharing the same habitat is referred to as __________. A. sympatric B. allopatric C. simultaneous D. adaptive E. spontaneous

A. sympatric

Evolutionary trees are hypotheses that relate organisms based on __________. A. the similarity and difference in the organisms' DNA sequences B. their first appearance in the fossil record C. their last appearance in the fossil record D. analogous structures unique to each group E. the ability to interbreed and produce fertile offspring

A. the similarity and difference in the organisms' DNA sequences

Which scenarios are examples of reproductive barriers between closely related species that can cause reproductive isolation? ☐ Two species are unable to mate due to morphological differences in their reproductive organs. ☐ Two species successfully mate, but the hybrid zygote ceases development before birth. ☐ Two species successfully mate, but the hybrid offspring are weak and frail. ☐ Two species use different courtship behaviors and rituals to attract potential mates.

All of them ☒ Two species are unable to mate due to morphological differences in their reproductive organs. ☒ Two species successfully mate, but the hybrid zygote ceases development before birth. ☒ Two species successfully mate, but the hybrid offspring are weak and frail. ☒ Two species use different courtship behaviors and rituals to attract potential mates.

Place the taxonomic ranks in the correct order from the most general rank to the most specific rank: - class - domain - family - genus - kingdom - order - phylum - species

Answer:

The __________ species concept uses physical features to characterize species A. biological B. morphological C. anatomical D. physiological E. phenotypic

B. Morphological

According to the biological species concept, a species is defined as __________. A. a group of individuals with 99% of their genes in common B. individuals who relate to the environment in the same way C. individuals who are able to interbreed in nature and are reproductively isolated from other organisms D. a group of individuals who share a common ancestor E. organisms who have similar functioning physical characteristics

C. individuals who are able to interbreed in nature and are reproductively isolated from other organisms

Which statement is true? A. kingdoms are the broadest categories B. orders are less specific than classes C. species is the most specific category D. families are less specific than phyla

C. species is the most specific category

Life on Earth is hypothesized to have evolved by a series of steps beginning with the __________. A. formation of a protocell B. formation of self-replicating, information-carrying molecules C. the formation of small molecules containing carbon and hydrogen D. sudden organization of lipids into a phospholipid-layered spheres E. oxygen-requiring chemical reactions

C. the formation of small molecules containing carbon and hydrogen

Of the choices below, which is an example of microevolution? A. the evolution of new species B. adaptive radiation triggered by mass extinction event C. evolution of an innovative feature D. genetic changes in a population from one generation to the next E. a mass extinction, such as the Permian

D. genetic changes in a population from one generation to the next

Select the scenario that describes a mass extinction: - During the Permian period 250 million years ago, a catastrophic event occurred that killed 90% of the Earth's species. - Every fall in the temperate regions of the Earth, deciduous tree species lose their leaves and enter a dormant state to prepare for the cold. - Giant flightless birds called elephant birds that were native to the island of Madagascar quickly became extinct in the 17th century as a result of human activities. - A rainforest in Brazil is cleared to harvest timber and many species of plants, insects, and animals lose their habitat and as a result they die.

During the Permian period 250 million years ago, a catastrophic event occurred that killed 90% of the Earth's species.

Of the following, which are characteristics of bacteria? A. prokaryotic cell B. single-celled C. lack of a nucleus and organelles D. metabolically diverse E. All of the above

E. All of the above

Which statement best describes macroevolution? - Differential reproductive success occurs within a population based on trait variation. - Gene‑frequency changes occur within a population over a short period of time. - Evolutionary changes occur over a long time, encompassing entire groups of species. - Two interacting species reciprocally affect the other's evolution.

Evolutionary changes occur over a long time, encompassing entire groups of species.

Which of the scenarios best represents an example of punctuated equilibrium? - Fossils from Ammonites, a marine cephalopod, were very common in geological rock formations from 400 million years ago, but all evidence of the Ammonites disappeared entirely from the fossil record about 66 million years ago. - In a species of Arctic fish, a random mutation in a gene promoted anti‑freeze proteins in the blood that allowed the species to inhabit a new environment with freezing water temperatures. - Fossil evidence uncovered in New Hampshire revealed that a species of Trilobite rapidly evolved into a new species that had an additional lens in the eye, and then this species did not change morphologically for millions of years. - Fossils of a marine snail lineage from the New England rocky intertidal zone reveal a slow and consistent elongation in shell shape over 200 million years, from an early species bearing a rounded shell to a more modern species with a cone‑shaped shell.

Fossil evidence uncovered in New Hampshire revealed that a species of Trilobite rapidly evolved into a new species that had an additional lens in the eye, and then this species did not change morphologically for millions of years.

Which of the scenarios best represents an example of gradual change? - Fossils from many species of mammoths were very common in geological rock formations from five million years ago, but all evidence of the mammoth disappeared entirely from the fossil record about 12000 years ago. - Fossil evidence uncovered in Wyoming revealed that a species of paramyine rodent rapidly evolved into a new species that had smaller molar teeth that lacked roots, and then this species did not change morphologically for millions of years. - In a species of Arctic fish, a random mutation in a gene promoted anti‑freeze proteins in the blood that allowed the species to inhabit a new environment with the freezing temperatures of Arctic waters. - Fossils of a marine snail lineage from the New England rocky intertidal zone reveal a slow and consistent elongation in shell shape over 200 million years, from an early species bearing a rounded shell to a more modern species with a cone‑shaped shell.

Fossils of a marine snail lineage from the New England rocky intertidal zone reveal a slow and consistent elongation in shell shape over 200 million years, from an early species bearing a rounded shell to a more modern species with a cone‑shaped shell.

Which of the scenarios would most likely lead to allopatric speciation? - In an archipelago, a few members of a moth population on one island are carried by the wind to a neighboring island, where they form a subpopulation. - In a population of elk, males that grow the largest antlers tend to mate with more female elk. - In a lake, some individuals of a population of cichlid fish evolve new mouth morphology to exploit a different food source. Individuals sharing the same morphology begin to interbreed exclusively. - A landscape contains several small pools of salty water. Whereas most members of a weed species live away from the pools, a few plants have adapted to the salty soil conditions near the pools.

In an archipelago, a few members of a moth population on one island are carried by the wind to a neighboring island, where they form a subpopulation.

How does hybridization among different species occur? - Members of the same species, each with different alleles, mate and produce offspring that have some alleles from both parents. - Individuals from two closely related species produce offspring that may or may not be able to produce offspring themselves. - A population that is reproductively isolated from the main population of a species diverges into a new species. - A new species develops when individuals from distantly related species mate and produce offspring that can reproduce successfully.

Individuals from two closely related species produce offspring that may or may not be able to produce offspring themselves

The famous Miller-Urey experiment was conducted in 1953. This experiment tested the hypothesis that primitive Earth conditions were favorable for creating complex organic compounds from simple compounds. Classify the compounds according to whether they were inputs or outputs in this experiment. - amino acids - ammonia - biomolecules - methane - water

Inputs: ammonia, methane, water Outputs: amino acids, biomolecules

Which statement about microevolution and macroevolution is false? - Microevolution is the process, and macroevolution is the result. - Both microevolution and macroevolution involve a change in allele frequencies in a population. - Macroevolution is the cumulative effects of microevolution over a long period of time. - Macroevolution can result from microevolution, combined with reproductive isolation. - Microevolution involves evolutionary changes in populations of single-celled organisms, whereas macroevolution involves evolutionary changes in populations of complex, multicellular organisms.

Microevolution involves evolutionary changes in populations of single-celled organisms, whereas macroevolution involves evolutionary changes in populations of complex, multicellular organisms. *Changes in allele frequencies over one or a few generations can lead to changes on a grand scale, including vast diversification of species.

Classify the examples as prezygotic or postzygotic barriers: - A horse and donkey mate to produce a sterile mule - Individuals from two different species mate, but the resulting embryo dies before birth - One frog species mates in the spring, whereas another frog species mates in the summer - One goat species prefers flat land, whereas another goat species prefers mountainous terrain

Prezygotic: - A horse and donkey mate to produce a sterile mule - Individuals from two different species mate, but the resulting embryo dies before birth Postzygotic: - One frog species mates in the spring, whereas another frog species mates in the summer - One goat species prefers flat land, whereas another goat species prefers mountainous terrain

Classify each of the examples as characteristics of punctuated equilibrium or gradual change. - evolution is said to occur at a rapid geological speed - many transitional forms appear between the ancestral species and the more modern species - organisms undergo continuous morphological change - speciation occurs over millions of years - species go millions of years with little or no morphological change - transitional forms are not evident

Punctuated: - evolution is said to occur at a rapid geological speed - species go millions of years with little or no morphological change - transitional forms are not evident Gradual: - many transitional forms appear between the ancestral species and the more modern species - organisms undergo continuous morphological change - speciation occurs over millions of years

What kind of molecule is thought to be the most likely to have been the first genetic material? - protein - DNA - carbohydrate - RNA - microsphere

RNA

How do analogous structures arise in different species? - Two species develop identical structures when the identical mutation occurs in both species. - Similar structures develop independently in distantly related species that experience similar problems in their habitats. - A basic structure inherited from a common ancestor develops different variations in different species. - Structures developed by an ancestral species are found in several distantly related species.

Similar structures develop independently in distantly related species that experience similar problems in their habitats.

What happens in convergent evolution? - Separate species develop from a single ancestral species. - Two distantly related species acquire similar traits independently. - Species have similar traits that they inherited from a common ancestor. - Different species unite into a single species by interbreeding.

Two distantly related species acquire similar traits independently.

Which description best defines polyploidy? - a genome with only one full set of unique chromosomes - a genome with twice the haploid number of chromosomes - a genome with more than two copies of an individual chromosome - a genome with more than two sets of homologous chromosomes

a genome with more than two sets of homologous chromosomes

A halophile is defined as an organism that lives in: - an exceptionally dry environment. - a very cold environment. - an extremely alkaline environment. - a highly saline environment.

a highly saline environment.

Hawaiian honeycreepers comprise a number of bird species that are found only on the Hawaiian islands. The images show examples of two distinct honeycreeper species. Each honeycreeper species exhibits phenotypic differences in characteristics, such as beak shape and plumage color. All of the Hawaiian honeycreeper species are believed to have evolved from a common ancestor as the birds began to occupy different ecological niches on the Hawaiian islands. What evolutionary concept best describes what is observed in the Hawaiian honeycreepers? - genetic drift - sexual selection - convergent evolution - adaptive radiation

adaptive radiation

In animals, it is believed that the most common mode of speciation is: - autopolyploidy - chromosomal - directional - allopatric - sympatric

allopatric

The early earth atmosphere of Darwin's "warm little pond" hypothesis most likely contained: - almost no electrical activity, such as lightning. - almost no water vapor. - abundant heavy metals. - abundant oxygen and many compounds from volcanic eruptions. - almost no oxygen and many compounds from volcanic eruptions

almost no oxygen and many compounds from volcanic eruptions. *Darwin's idea of the "warm little pond" was a primordial atmosphere where the first life could tolerate a lack of oxygen.

In a set of classic experiments performed in the early 1950's, Urey and Miller subjected an experimental system composed of H2, CH4 (methane), NH3 (ammonia), and water to electrical sparks. A few days later, they found __________ in their system. - amino acids - DNA - microspheres - cells - RNA

amino acids

A thermophile is defined as an organism that lives in: - an extremely dry environment. - a very cold environment. - a highly alkaline environment. - an exceptionally hot environment.

an exceptionally hot environment

Which of the following pairs of domains share the most recent common ancestor? - archaea and eukarya - bacteria and eukarya - archaea and bacteria - None of the above; all three domains evolved from different ancestors. - None of the above; all three domains are equally related to each other.

archaea and eukarya

The idea of punctuated equilibrium challenges which component of Darwin's theory of evolution? - consistent change - gradualism - species stasis - both a and b are correct. - none of the above is correct.

both a and b are correct.

Polyploidy: - arises only when an error in meiosis results in diploid gametes instead of haploid gametes. - is a common method of sympatric speciation for animals. - arises when allopatric speciation causes plants to have fewer sets of chromosomes than their parent plants. - is an increased number of sets of chromosomes. - always results in allopatric speciation.

is an increased number of sets of chromosomes.

Which of these scenarios would be considered macroevolution? - a bacterial population's gene frequencies change drastically over the course of a generation - a new lineage of beetles evolves over the course of 20 million years from a beetle‑like ancestor - an environmental stressor causes a herd of cattle to migrate to a completely novel habitat - a new, beneficial food‑smelling gene spreads through a fly population over thousands of years

new lineage of beetles evolves over the course of 20 million years from a beetle‑like ancestor

According to the biological species concept, what is the definition of a species? - organisms that use the same niche in an environment - individuals occupying a single lineage in an evolutionary tree - members from populations that share a similar appearance - organisms that can interbreed in nature to produce healthy offspring

organisms that can interbreed in nature to produce healthy offspring

Identify the statement that best defines systematics: - studying how genes are passed between organisms - classifying and assigning names to groups of organisms - organizing species based on their evolutionary history - discovering the methods by which species evolve

organizing species based on their evolutionary history

What is reproductive isolation? - prevention of gene flow between two populations due to physical or behavioral barriers - evolution of analogous structures not present in the last common ancestor of two species - the reintroduction of geographically isolated species that leads to the production of viable hybrids - two species diverging from a common ancestor due to geographical isolation - the divergence of two species from a common ancestor while in the same geographical location

prevention of gene flow between two populations due to physical or behavioral barriers

Phylogenetic trees should be viewed as: - true genealogical relationships among species. - the result of vertical, but never horizontal, gene transfer. - intellectual exercises, not to be interpreted literally. - representations of allopatric speciation events hypotheses regarding evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms.

representations of allopatric speciation events. hypotheses regarding evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms.

Complete the sentence. Homologous structures are: - different structures which do not share a common ancestry, despite their similarities in function. - small structures which appear to have no role due to the loss of their ancestral function. - similar structures which share a common ancestry, despite their differences in function. - different structures which do not share a common ancestry and have differences in function.

similar structures which share a common ancestry, despite their differences in function.

In a cold environment, the precursor molecules of life could have been kept in close enough proximity to react together by being trapped in ice. This is in contrast to the conventional assumption that: - the primordial earth was always warm and wet. - molecules move faster in warmer temperatures, causing them to collide more frequently. [This does not directly contradict the idea that freezing temperatures can hold precursor molecules in close proximity]. - lightning strikes on sand could create glass that could trap precursor molecules. - some sort of chamber or sphere may have spontaneously formed to contain precursors. - cellular membranes cannot form under cold conditions.

some sort of chamber or sphere may have spontaneously formed to contain precursors. *The conventional wisdom about how precursor molecules could be contained together is by spontaneous formation of spherical structures.