Chapter 12

Mary I

"bloody Mary"; abolished Edward's Protestant laws; reconnected the church with Rome (1554); revived the Heresy Acts to arrest and execute anyone for heresy (283 including Thomas Cranmer)

Coligny

A powerful Huguenot leader of the Montmorency-Chatillons. He took command once Conde was dead. He was killed as a part of a Catholic plot and this caused the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre.

Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre

August 24, 1572; a massacre of 6,000 to 8,000 Huguenots in Paris authorized by King Charles IX and his mother Catherine de Medici.

Wallenstein

Austrian general who fought for the Hapsburgs during the Thirty Years' War (1583-1634)

Treaty of Westphalia, 1648

Peace in 1648 ending the Thirty Years' War, allowing states in the HRE to establish their own foreign policies and state religion

Philip II

(1527-1598) King of Spain from 1556 to 1598. Absolute monarch who helped lead the Counter Reformation by persecuting Protestants in his holdings. Also sent the Spanish Armada against England.

Elizabeth I

(1533-1603) Queen of England and Ireland between 1558 and 1603. She was an absolute monarch and is considered to be one of the most successful rulers of all time.

Pacification of Ghent

1576; all provinces in the Netherlands would stand together under William of Orange's leadership, respect religious differences, and demand the removal of Spanish troops

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Counter-Reformation

A time when the Catholic church banned books and used its courts to punish people who protested Catholic ways

Congregationalists

An extreame group of Puritains who wanted to govern themselfs, they were not tolerated by Elizabeth I, she passed a law that made them reform or die; Separatists

Four Stages of War

Bohemian Period, Danish Period, Swedish Period, Swedish-French Period.

Huguenots

Converts or adherents to Calvinism in France, including many from the French nobility wishing to challenge the authority of the Catholic monarch. Also known as French Protestants.

Presbyterians

During the English Civil War, these were the moderate Puritans who wanted to replace the episcopal system of church government with the more democratic, decentralized presbyterian system -- They also favored sparing the life of Charles I

John Hawkins and Sir Francis Drake

English who began to raid Spanish treasure fleets, helped to begin a war that defeated the Spanish Armada. drake was 2nd to do circumnavigation.

Bourbon dynasty: Henry IV

France; Henry of Navarre; Protestant; took up leadership of Huguenots after Coligny murdered; won "War of 3 Henry's"; ruled after Catherine de Medici; converted to Catholicism to try to stop religious tensions

politiques

French political faction with no strong religious ties that tried to manipulate political divisions in France for its own political gain.

Swedish period

Gustavus II (Gustavus Adolphus) of Sweden now came into the war. His territorial ambitions had embroiled him in wars with Poland, and he feared that Ferdinand's maritime designs might threaten Sweden's mastery of the Baltic. Moved also by his Protestantism, he declared against the emperor and was supported by an understanding with Catholic France, then under the leadership of Cardinal Richelieu. Swedish troops marched into Germany. Meanwhile, Ferdinand had been prevailed upon (1630) to dismiss Wallenstein, who had powerful enemies in the empire. Tilly now headed the imperial forces. He was able to take the city of Magdeburg while the Protestant princes hesitated to join the Swedes. Only John George of Saxony, vacillating in his support between Tilly and the Swedish king, joined Gustavus Adolphus, who offered him better terms

Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)

Highly destructive war (1618-1648) that eventually included most of Europe; fought for the most part between Protestants and Catholics, the conflict ended with the Peace of Westphalia (1648)

Edict of Nantes, 1598

Issued by Henry IV of France; granted religious toleration to French Protestants; marked the first formal recognition by a European national monarchy that two religions could coexist in the same country; revoked by Louis XIV in 1685.

Duke of Alba

Lead a Spanish army into the Netherlands on orders from Phillip II of Spain. Made a council in the Netherlands and he was known for inspiring terror. His percecution send many fleeing from the Netherlands for safety

Lepanto

Naval battle between Spain and the Ottoman Empire resulting in Spanish victory in 1571; demonstrated European naval superiority over Muslims.

Act of Supremacy

Proclaimed King Henry VIII the supreme leader of the Church of England, which meant that the pope was no longer recognized as having any authority within the country, and all matters of faith, ecclesiastical appointment, and maintenance of ecclesiastical properties were in the hands of the king.

Catherine de Médicis

Queen of France 1547-1559. Catholic Florentine wife of French King Henry II. Mother of Francis II, Charles IX and Henry III. Ruled as regent to her sons upon Henry II's death. Held partly responsible for starting the French wars of Religion as she played the Catholic Guise and Protestant Bourbon families off each other in order to maintain her sons' positions.

Knox

Scottish theologian who founded Presbyterianism in Scotland and wrote a history of the Reformation in Scotland (1514-1572)

Spanish Armanda, 1588

Spain's attempt to invade England via Navy. given the Okay by the pope after he denounced Elizabeth as a heretic for having Mary Queen of Scotts beheaded (many thought she was the true heir because she was catholic; infighting in europe is still rampant trying to keep Europe united under one christian church). This attempt was a failer. Begining of the decline of Spanish Golden age

Gustavus Adolphus II

Swedish Lutheran king who was a military genius, and lead the Protestant forces in the 30 years war until he died vs Wallenstein at the Battle of Lutzen 1632

Bohemian period

The first stage of the 30 years war,began with the succession of Ferdinand archduke of Styria to the throne of Bohemia and declaring the states religion to be Catholic,escalated when he was elected Holy Roman Emperor Ended with the defeat of Protestant forces at White Mountain

Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots

The leader of Scotland who Catholics wanted to place on the throne after getting rid of Queen Elizabeth. She was exuctied by Elizabeth in 1587 to remove the threat she posed.

Danish period

The new phase saw the German war expanded into an international conflict. Christian IV of Denmark came into the fighting, principally because of his fear of the rise of Hapsburg power in N Germany; he openly avowed religious motives but hoped also to enlarge his German possessions. England and the United Provinces gave a subsidy to aid the opponents of the Hapsburgs, and England sent a few thousand soldiers. Christian IV advanced into Germany. The emperor's cause was advanced by the work of Wallenstein, who gathered an effective army and defeated Mansfeld at Dessau (1626). A little later the Danish king was soundly defeated by Tilly at Lutter.

Richelieu

architect of French absolutism who was prominent church official, served as chief minister to King Louis XIII from 1624- 1642, worked to undermine power of nobles and enhance that of the king, built large bureaucracy, attacked French Calvinists

French period

longest period of the Thirty Years War in which an estimated one third of the German population died

William "the Silent," the Prince of Orange

the man who had emerged as leader of the Netherlands Revolt.

Thirty-Nine Articles

written in 1563, this defined the rules of the Anglican Church. The document followed Protestant doctrine but still accomodated for other English, except the Puritans.