chapter 12 anatomy

which system is a function system, not an organ system in the anatomical sense, the consists of innate and adaptive defense mechanism

immune system

membrane attack complexes (MAC) form holes in attacked cells causing them to burst; this is a result of

complement fixation

located in the wall of the small intestines

Peyer's patches

fluids that have escaped the cardiovascular system are picked up by the

lymphatic system

due to a recent respiratory illness from a viral infection, Jennifer has now developed

naturally acquired active immunity

what is the body first line of defense against the invasion of disease-causing microorganism

skin and mucous membranes

for which of the following would a vaccine NOT be suitable

snake bites

the nonspecific defense by which complement proteins attach to sugars or proteins on the surface of foreign cells is called complement fixation

true

the proves that occurs when antibodies clump foreign cells is called agglutination

true

chemical released by natural killer cells to cause cell lysis

perforins

cell that produces huge numbers of the same antibody (immunoglobulin)

plasma cell

How do plasma cells assist with humoral immunity?

plasma cells secrete highly-specific antibodies

which of the following substances is NOT likely to trigger the immune response

self-antigens

Located on the left side of the abdominal cavity

spleen

What lymphoid organ stores platelets and acts as a blood reservoir?

spleen

the role of the _______ is to trap and remove bacteria or other foreign pathogens entering the throat

tonsils

traps and removes bacteria and pathogens entering the throat

tonsils

where do B cells develop immunocompetence

bone marrow

Jill felt small, swollen structures under her chin in her neck during a recent head cold. She probably had swollen ________.

cervical lymph nodes

which one of the following is NOT one of the nonspecific body defenses

antibody production

what is the chief way the body responds to cellular antigens, such as bacteria or mismatched red blood cells

complement fixation

the constant region fo the antibody joins heavy and light chains to form an antigen-binding site specifically made to fit an antigen

false

the lymph nodes filter Bactria, viruses, and tumor cells from blood on its way back to the heart

false

the most important function of the thymus gland is to destroy worn-out red blood cells and return some of the products to the liver

false

the two main structures of the lymphatic system are the lymphatic vessels and the blood vessels

false

xenografts are ideal donor organs or tissues since they rarely cause rejection

false

the adaptive (specific) defense system

issues an attack specific to particular foreign substances

which of the following are harmful to disease-causing microorganisms from which nonspecific defenses protect the body

pathogens

which one of the following is NOT true of the constant (C) regions of antibodies

the constant regions form an antigen-binding site

which of the following is NOT applicable to the third line of defense

the injection of serum containing antibodies will always provide immunity against disease

antigen presentation is essential for the activation of clonal selection of T cells

true

antigen-presenting cells (APCs) engulf antigens and present them to cells that will deal with them

true

artificially acquired passive immunity is conferred when one receives immune serum for poisonous snake bites

true

autoimmune disease arises when the immune system is no longer tolerant of self-antigens and antibodies are produced to attack the body own tissues

true

by lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells) play an important role in the adaptive defense system

true

chemicals secreted by white blood cells and macrophages exposed to foreign substances that can increase body temperature are called pyrogens

true

cytotoxic T cells release performs to create pores in the target cell's membrane to kill the cell

true

intact keratinized epidermis and mucous membranes are strong mechanical barriers to most microorganisms and serve as the body first line of defense

true

the innate (nonspecific) defense system and adaptive (specific) defense system make up the immune system

true

the role of the spleen in the lymphatic system is to provide a site for lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance

true

Hannah has an auto-immune disease in which the beta cells of the pancreas are destroyed. As a result, she does not make enough insulin. what ideas does she have

type 1 diabetes mellitus

active immunity to tetanus, whooping cough, and polio can be artificially acquired when we receive

vaccines

what is the region of the antibody that varies from antibody to antibody

variable or V region

what is the origin of lymphatic vessels

veins of the blood vascular system

which of the following is not a cell that behaves as an antigen-presenting cell (APC)

virus

what are tissue grafts harvested from a different animal species Called

xenografts

Lymph is largely composed of water that has escaped from

blood

cell that develops immunocompetence in the bone marrow

B cell

What does fever accomplish?

Fever inhibits bacteria reproduction and speeds the repair process.

cell that directs the adaptive immune response by recruiting other cells to fight the invaders

Helper T cell

which statement is true of antibody IgE

IgE if involved in allergies

which abundant antibody is the only one to cross the placental barrier

IgG

peters patches and the tonsils are part of the collection of small lymphoid tissues that protect the upper respiratory and digestive tracts from infection and are referred to as

MALT or mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue

antigen presentation is essential for the activation and clonal selection of

T cells

which statement regarding the role of T lymphocytes (T cells) is true

T lymphocytes (T cells) constitute the cell-mediated arm of the adaptive defense

redness, heat, swelling, and pain are the four most common indicators of

acute inflammation

which antibody-antigen interaction results when a foreign blood type is transfused and clumped

agglutination

which one of the following is NOT an autoimmune disease

allergic contact dermatitis

what is the best graft to have so as to avoid rejection of a transplanted tissue

an autograft

systemic (body-wide) acute allergic response caused by allergens that directly enter the blood, as with certain bee stings or spider bites, is called

anaphylactic shock

humoral immunity is provided by

antibodies

vaccines stimulate the production of these soluble proteins

antibody

Any substance capable of provoking an immune response

antigen

an _______ is any substance capable of mobilizing our immune system and provoking an immune response

antigen

cells that engulf and present parts of antigens on the membrane for recognition by T cells bearing receptors for the same antigen

antigen-presenting cell (APC)

which of the following is often used to treat allergies

antihistamines

which of the following is NOT one of the four most common indicators of the inflammatory response

chills

the binding of complement proteins to certain sugar or proteins on a foreign cells surface is called

complement fixation

which portion of the antibody's structure determines the antibodies class

constant region

chemical released by macrophages and dendritic cells to activate many other immune cells

cytokines

cell that kills virus-infected cells, cancerous cells, and is involved in graft rejection

cytotoxic T cell

what type of cell specializes in killings virus-infected, cancer, or foreign graft cells directly?

cytotoxic T cells

allergic contact dermatitis following skin contact with poison ivy would normally lead to

delayed hypersensitivity

the process by which neutrophils are squeezed through the capillary walls during the inflammatory process is called

diapedesis

excess accumulation of fluid, which impairs the exchange of material within the tissues, is called

edema

Allergies, or hypersensitivities, are normal immune responses.

false

B cells become immunocompetent in the thymus

false

as people age, they become more resistant to the development of autoimmune and immunodeficiency diseases

false

one result of fever is the formation of a membrane attack complex (MAC) which produces holes, or pores, in the foreign cells surface

false

the final disposal of cell debris as inflammation subsides is performed by neutrophils

false

what are troublesome small molecules or incomplete antigens that may mount an attack the is harmful rather than protective called

haptens

all lymph flows in a one-way system toward the

heart

AIDS cripples the immune system by interfering with the activity of cells called

helper T cells

what type of T cell releases cytokines to indirectly rid the body of antigens

helper T cells

T cells or B cells the are capable of responding to a specific antigen by binding to it with antigen-specific receptors that appear on the lymphocytes surface are considered

immunocompetent

the specific foreign substances that an individuals immune system has the ability to recognize and resist are determined by

individual genetic makeup

small protein that binds with receptors on healthy cells to promote protein synthesis and prevent viruses from binding

interferon

what inhibits viruses from entering and attacking healthy cells

interferons

what small proteins are secreted by virus-infected cells to help defend cells that have not yet been infected

interferons

chemical that provides resistance to intact skin against acids, alkalis, and bacterial enzymes

keratin

bacteria and tumor cells are removed from lymph by

lymph nodes

which of the following is NOT one of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)

lymph nodes

what mediates the adaptive defense system (specific defense system) ?

lymphocytes.

antigen-presenting cells (APCs) present fragments of cells so they can be recognized by

macrophages

within the lymph node, what cells engulf and destroy bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances in the lymph

macrophages

cell that may exist in the body for years and enable a quick response to subsequent meetings

memory cell

the process by which antibodies bind to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins (toxic chemicals secreted by bacteria) to block their harmful effects is called

neutralization

antibodies provided by serum from an immune donor or an animal donor do not challenge the B cells and thus provide

passive immunity

large antigen-antibody complexes can become insoluble and settle out of solution, a reaction called

precipitation

chemical secreted by white blood cells and macrophages to raise the body temperature

pyrogen

cell that slows or stops B and T cell activity. once infection has been conquered

regulatory T cell

from what part of the body does the right lymphatic duct collects lymph

right arm

destroys worn-out blood cells and returns some of their break-down products to the liver

spleen

which lymphatic organs major job is to destroy worn-out red blood cells and return some of the products to the liver

spleen

the inflammatory process begins with release of chemicals, which do all of the following EXCEPT

stimulate the release of lysozyme.

which blood vessels receive lymph from the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct

subclavian veins

what are T lymphocytes (T cells) and B lymphocytes (B cells) self-tolerant of?

the body own cells

which of the following best describes positive chemotaxis

the movement of cells toward a high concentration of signaling molecules

which one of the following is NOT a mechanism that aids lymph return to the heart?

the pumping action of the heart

where are the tonsils located

throat (pharynx)

which of the following lymphoid organs functions at peak level during youth

thymus

Located overlying the heart

thymus gland

programs T lymphocytes during youth

thymus gland

all lymph rejoins the bloodstream via the subclavian veins

true

anaphylactic shock, an acute systemic allergic response, causes vasodilation and difficulty breathing

true

antibodies can inactivate an antigen in many ways, including complement fixation, neutralization and opsonization

true

antibodies, or immunoglobulins, are secreted by active B cells or by their plasma-cell offspring in response to an antigen

true