Chapter 12-Chapter 17

Same-sex couple households account for _____ percent of American households. a. 1 b. 10 c. 15 d. 30

a. 1

Ethnicity describes shared: Select one: a. Any of the above b. Religion c. Language d. beliefs

a. Any of the above

Stereotypes can be based on: Select one: a. Any of the above b. Gender c. Ethnicity d. Race

a. Any of the above

Which theory of education focuses on the ways in which education maintains the status quo? Select one: a. Conflict Theory b. Symbolic Interactionism c. Functionalism d. Feminist Theory

a. Conflict Theory

Which theory of education focuses on the ways in which education maintains the status quo? a. Conflict theory b. Feminist theory c. Functionalist theory d. Symbolic interactionism

a. Conflict theory

Which theoretical perspective stresses the importance of regulating sexual behavior to ensure marital cohesion and family stability? a. Functionalism b. Conflict theory c. Symbolic interactionalism d. Queer theory

a. Functionalism

_______ is/are an individual's self-conception of being male or female based on his or her association with masculine or feminine gender roles. a. Gender identity b. Gender bias c. Sexual orientation d. Sexual attitudes

a. Gender identity

What is the one defining feature of a minority group? Select one: a. Lack of Power b. Strong Cultural Identity c. Self Definition d. Numerical Minority

a. Lack of Power

What are the major factors affecting education systems throughout the world? a. Resources and money b. Student interest c. Teacher interest d. Transportation

a. Resources and money

What doctrine justified legal segregation in the South? Select one: a. Separate but equal b. Plessey v. Ferguson c. De jure d. Jim Crow

a. Separate but equal

Which federal act or program was designed to allow more Hispanic American immigration, not block it? a. The Bracero Program b. Immigration Reform and Control Act c. Operation Wetback d. SB 1070

a. The Bracero Program

The 1972 case Mills v. Board of Education of the District of Columbia set a precedent for __________. a. access to education b. average spending on students c. desegregation of schools d. teacher salary

a. access to education

Compared to most Western societies, American sexual attitudes are considered _______. a. conservative b. liberal c. permissive d. free

a. conservative

Learning from classmates that most students buy lunch on Fridays is an example of ________. a. cultural transmission b. educational access c. formal education d. informal education

a. cultural transmission

Sociologists tend to define family in terms of a. how a given society sanctions the relationships of people who are connected through blood, marriage, or adoption b. the connection of bloodlines c. the status roles that exist in a family structure d. how closely members adhere to social norms

a. how a given society sanctions the relationships of people who are connected through blood, marriage, or adoption

Amalgamation is represented by the _____________ metaphor. a. melting pot b. Statue of Liberty c. salad bowl d. separate but equal

a. melting pot

Children of divorced parents are _______ to divorce in their own marriage than children of parents who stayed married. a. more likely b. less likely c. equally likely

a. more likely

Plessy v. Ferguson set the precedent that _____________. a. racial segregation in schools was allowed b. separate schools for black and white students were unconstitutional c. students do not have a right to free speech in public schools d. students have a right to free speech in public schools

a. racial segregation in schools was allowed

The majority of American children live in: a. two-parent households b. one-parent households c. no-parent households d. multigenerational households

a. two-parent households

the process by which a minority group and a majority group combine to form a new group

amalgamation

a type of unilateral descent that follows either the father's or the mother's side exclusively

ambilineal

the process by which a minority individual or group takes on the characteristics of the dominant culture

assimilation

According to national surveys, most American parents support which type of sex education program in school? a. Abstinence only b. Abstinence plus sexual safety c. Sexual safety without promoting abstinence d. No sex education

b. Abstinence plus sexual safety

Which subordinate group is often referred to as the "model minority?" a. African Americans b. Asian Americans c. White ethnic Americans d. Native Americans

b. Asian Americans

What is discrimination? a. Biased thoughts against an individual or group b. Biased actions against an individual or group c. Belief that a race different from yours is inferior d. Another word for stereotyping

b. Biased actions against an individual or group

Which of the following is not a manifest function of education? Select one: a. Socialization b. Courtship c. Social placement d. Cultural innovation

b. Courtship

Which of the following is not a manifest function of education? a. Cultural innovation b. Courtship c. Social placement d. Socialization

b. Courtship

Only women are affected by gender stratification. a. True b. False

b. False

To which theoretical perspective does the following statement most likely apply: Women continue to assume the responsibility in the household along with a paid occupation because it keeps the household running smoothly, i.e., at a state of balance? a. Conflict theory b. Functionalism c. Feminist theory d. Symbolic interactionism

b. Functionalism

Which of the following is a criticism of the family life cycle model? a. It is too broad and accounts for too many aspects of family. b. It is too narrowly focused on a sequence of stages. c. It does not serve a practical purpose for studying family behavior. d. It is not based on comprehensive research.

b. It is too narrowly focused on a sequence of stages.

Which type of child abuse is most prevalent in the United States? a. Physical abuse b. Neglect c. Shaken-baby syndrome d. Verbal mistreatment

b. Neglect

What intergroup relationship is represented by the "salad bowl" metaphor? a. Assimilation b. Pluralism c. Amalgamation d. Segregation

b. Pluralism

Which theoretical perspective stresses the importance of regulating sexual behavior to ensure marital cohesion and family stability? Select one: a. Conflict Theory b. Structural Functionalism c. Symbolic Interactionism d. Queer Theory

b. Structural Functionalism

What Western country is thought to be the most liberal in its attitudes toward sex? a. United States b. Sweden c. Mexico d. Ireland

b. Sweden

What do nations that are top-ranked in science and math have in common? a. They are all in Asia. b. They recruit top teachers. c. They spend more money per student. d. They use cutting-edge technology in classrooms.

b. They recruit top teachers.

What term describes the assignment of students to specific education programs and classes on the basis of test scores, previous grades, or perceived ability? Select one: a. Differential Association b. Tracking c. Self-Fulfilling Prophecy d. Hidden Curriculum

b. Tracking

Scapegoat theory shows that: a. subordinate groups blame dominant groups for their problems b. dominant groups blame subordinate groups for their problems c. some people are predisposed to prejudice d. all of the above

b. dominant groups blame subordinate groups for their problems

The terms "masculine" and "feminine" refer to a person's _________. a. sex b. gender c. both sex and gender d. none of the above

b. gender

Research indicates that individuals are aware of their sexual orientation _______. a. at infancy b. in early adolescence c. in early adulthood d. in late adulthood

b. in early adolescence

Conflict theorists see sorting as a way to ________. a. challenge gifted students b. perpetuate divisions of socioeconomic status c. help students who need additional support d. teach respect for authority

b. perpetuate divisions of socioeconomic status

Informal education _________________. a. describes when students teach their peers b. refers to the learning of cultural norms c. only takes place at home d. relies on a planned instructional process

b. refers to the learning of cultural norms

Key predictors for student success include ____________. a. how many school-age siblings the student has b. socioeconomic status and family background c. the age of the student when she or he enters kindergarten d. how many students attend the school

b. socioeconomic status and family background

Speedy Gonzalez is an example of: a. intersection theory b. stereotyping c. interactionist view d. culture of prejudice

b. stereotyping

A person who is biologically female but identifies with the male gender and has undergone surgery to alter her body is considered _______. a. transgendered b. transsexual c. a cross-dresser d. homosexual

b. transsexual

the act of entering into marriage while still married to another person

bigamy

the tracing of kinship through both parents' ancestral lines

bilateral descent

Which of the following is an example of a numerical majority being treated as a subordinate group? Select one: a. Creoles in New Orleans b. White people in Brazil c. Blacks under Apartheid in South Africa d. Jewish people in Germany

c. Blacks under Apartheid in South Africa

To which theoretical perspective does the following statement most likely apply: Women continue to assume the responsibility in the household along with a paid occupation because it keeps the household running smoothly, i.e., at a state of balance? Select one: a. Symbolic Interactionism b. Conflict theory c. Functionalism d. Feminism

c. Functionalism

Which intergroup relation displays the least tolerance? Select one: a. Expulsion b. Assimilation c. Genocide d. Segregation

c. Genocide

Which intergroup relation displays the least tolerance? a. Segregation b. Assimilation c. Genocide d. Expulsion

c. Genocide

Many Arab Americans face _______________, especially after 9/11. a. racism b. segregation c. Islamophobia d. prejudice

c. Islamophobia

Which of the following is the best explanation of racism as a social fact? a. It needs to be eradicated by laws. b. It is like a magic pill. c. It does not need the actions of individuals to continue. d. None of the above

c. It does not need the actions of individuals to continue.

What is the one defining feature of a minority group? a. Self-definition b. Numerical minority c. Lack of power d. Strong cultural identity

c. Lack of power

Which of the following is true of intimate partner violence (IPV)? a. IPV victims are more frequently men than women. b. One in ten women is a victim of IPV. c. Nearly half of instances of IPV involve drugs or alcohol. d. Rape is the most common form of IPV.

c. Nearly half of instances of IPV involve drugs or alcohol.

Which of the following is the best example of the role peers play as an agent of socialization for school-aged children? a. Children can act however they wish around their peers because children are unaware of gender roles. b. Peers serve as a support system for children who wish to act outside of their assigned gender roles. c. Peers tend to reinforce gender roles by criticizing and marginalizing those who behave outside of their assigned roles. d. None of the above

c. Peers tend to reinforce gender roles by criticizing and marginalizing those who behave outside of their assigned roles.

Key predictors for student success include ____________. Select one: a. Number of Students Attending School b. Distance between student home and school c. Socioeconomic Status And Family Background d. Number of Tests Given Each Year

c. Socioeconomic Status And Family Background

Which of the following is the best example of a gender stereotype? a. Women are typically shorter than men. b. Men do not live as long as women. c. Women tend to be overly emotional, while men tend to be levelheaded. d. Men hold more high-earning, leadership jobs than women.

c. Women tend to be overly emotional, while men tend to be levelheaded.

Research suggests that people generally feel that their current family is _______ than the family they grew up with. a. less close b. more close c. at least as close d. none of the above

c. at least as close

Learning from classmates that most students buy lunch on Fridays is an example of ________. Select one: a. educational access b. formal education c. cultural transmission d. informal education

c. cultural transmission

In general, children in ______ households benefit from divorce. a. stepfamily b. multigenerational c. high-conflict d. low-conflict

c. high-conflict

The median age of first marriage has ______ in the last 50 years. a. increased for men but not women b. decreased for men but not women c. increased for both men and women d. decreased for both men and women

c. increased for both men and women

Public schools must guarantee that ___________. a. all students graduate from high school b. all students receive an equal education c. per-student spending is equitable d. the amount spent on each student is equal to that spent regionally

c. per-student spending is equitable

A woman being married to two men would be an example of: a. monogamy b. polygyny c. polyandry d. cohabitation

c. polyandry

Couples who cohabitate before marriage are ______ couples who did not cohabitate before marriage to be married at least 10 years. a. far more likely than b. far less likely than c. slightly less likely than d. equally as likely as

c. slightly less likely than

Because she plans on achieving success in marketing, Tammie is taking courses on managing social media. This is an example of ________. Select one: a. social control b. cultural innovation c. social placement d. socialization

c. social placement

Because she plans on achieving success in marketing, Tammie is taking courses on managing social media. This is an example of ________. a. cultural innovation b. social control c. social placement d. socialization

c. social placement

Allowing a student to move to the next grade regardless of whether or not they have met the requirements for that grade is called ____________. a. affirmative action b. social control c. social promotion d. socialization

c. social promotion

What term describes the separation of students based on merit? a. Cultural transmission b. Social control c. Sorting d. Hidden curriculum

c. sorting

Rewarding students for meeting deadlines and respecting authority figures is an example of Select one: a. a manifest function b. a latent function c. transmission of moral education d. informal education

c. transmission of moral education

As a Caucasian in the United States, being reasonably sure that you will be dealing with authority figures of the same race as you is a result of: Select one: a. intersection theory b. conflict theory c. white privilege d. scapegoat theory

c. white privilege

As a Caucasian in the United States, being reasonably sure that you will be dealing with authority figures of the same race as you is a result of: a. intersection theory b. conflict theory c. white privilege d. scapegoating theory

c. white privilege

when a couple shares a residence but is not married

cohabitation

theoretical perspective that believes that men are dominant and women are subordinate

conflict theory

theoretical perspective that believes that we cannot separate the effects of race, class, gender, sexual orientation

conflict theory

theoretical perspective that believes that when women start earning wages, they gain power

conflict theory

theoretical perspective that compares the husband-wife relationship to a owner-worker relationship

conflict theory

theoretical perspective that thinks education preserves the status quo

conflict theory

theoretical perspective that thinks education reinforces the differences between class, gender, race, and ethnicity

conflict theory

theoretical perspective that thinks that family is just an area in which power struggles occur

conflict theory

theoretical perspective that thinks that society is a struggle for dominance among social groups to compete for scarce resources

conflict theory

the emphasis on certificates or degrees to show that a person has a certain skill, has attained a certain level of education, or has met certain job qualifications

credentialism

cultural knowledge that serves (metaphorically) as currency to help one navigate a culture

cultural capital

the way people come to learn the values, beliefs, and social norms of their culture

cultural transmission

the theory that prejudice is embedded in our culture

culture of prejudice

Which subordinate group is often referred to as the "model minority?" Select one: a. Native Americans b. White ethnic Americans c. African Americans d. Asian Americans

d. Asian Americans

Which of the following is an example of a numerical majority being treated as a subordinate group? a. Jewish people in Germany b. Creoles in New Orleans c. White people in Brazil d. Blacks under Apartheid in South Africa

d. Blacks under Apartheid in South Africa

Which of following is correct regarding the explanation for transgenderism? a. It is strictly biological and associated with chemical imbalances in the brain. b. It is a behavior that is learned through socializing with other transgendered individuals. c. It is genetic and usually skips one generation. d. Currently, there is no definitive explanation for transgenderism.

d. Currently, there is no definitive explanation for transgenderism.

Which of the following is the best example of the role peers play as an agent of socialization for school-aged children? Select one: a. Children can act however they wish around their peers because children are unaware of gender roles. b. None of the above c. Peers serve as a support system for children who wish to act outside of their assigned gender roles. d. Peers tend to reinforce gender roles by criticizing and marginalizing those who behave outside of their assigned roles.

d. Peers tend to reinforce gender roles by criticizing and marginalizing those who behave outside of their assigned roles.

What doctrine justified legal segregation in the South? a. Jim Crow b. Plessey v. Ferguson c. De jure d. Separate but equal

d. Separate but equal

Which theory of education focuses on the labels acquired through the educational process? a. Conflict theory b. Feminist theory c. Functionalist theory d. Symbolic interactionism

d. Symbolic interactionism

What makes Native Americans unique as a subordinate group in the United States? a. They are the only group that experienced expulsion. b. They are the only group that was segregated. c. They are the only group that was enslaved. d. They are the only group that did not come here as immigrants.

d. They are the only group that did not come here as immigrants.

What do nations that are top-ranked in science and math have in common? Select one: a. They are all in Asia. b. They spend more money per student. c. They use cutting-edge technology in classrooms. d. They recruit top teachers.

d. They recruit top teachers.

Conflict theorists see IQ tests as being biased. Why? a. They are scored in a way that is subject to human error. b. They do not give children with learning disabilities a fair chance to demonstrate their true intelligence. c. They don't involve enough test items to cover multiple intelligences. d. They reward affluent students with questions that assume knowledge associated with upper- class culture.

d. They reward affluent students with questions that assume knowledge associated with upper- class culture.

What term describes the assignment of students to specific education programs and classes on the basis of test scores, previous grades, or perceived ability? a. Hidden curriculum b. Labeling c. Self-fulfilling prophecy d. Tracking

d. Tracking

Why did most white ethnic Americans come to the United States? a. For a better life b. To escape oppression c. Because they were forced out of their own countries d. a and b only

d. a and b only

Sociologists associate sexuality with _______. a. heterosexuality b. homosexuality c. biological factors d. a person's capacity for sexual feelings

d. a person's capacity for sexual feelings

Functionalist theory sees education as serving the needs of _________. a. families b. society c. the individual d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Stereotypes can be based on: a. race b. ethnicity c. gender d. all of the above

d. all of the above

According to the symbolic interactionist perspective, we "do gender": a. during half of our activities b. only when they apply to our biological sex c. only if we are actively following gender roles d. all of the time, in everything we do

d. all of the time, in everything we do

Ethnicity describes shared: a. beliefs b. language c. religion d. any of the above

d. any of the above

The racial term "African American" can refer to: a. a black person living in America b. people whose ancestors came to America through the slave trade c. a white person who originated in Africa and now lives in the United States d. any of the above

d. any of the above

Compared to most Western societies, American sexual attitudes are considered _______. Select one: a. liberal b. liberal c. free d. conservative

d. conservative

According to the study cited from the U.S. Census Bureau, children who live with ______ grow up with more advantages than children who live with ______. a. one unwed parent; one divorced parent b. one divorced parent; two married parents c. one grandparent; two married parents d. one divorced parent; one unwed parent

d. one divorced parent; one unwed parent

A child who associates his line of descent with his father's side only is part of a _____ society. a. matrilocal b. bilateral c. matrilineal d. patrilineal

d. patrilineal

Current divorce rates are: a. at an all-time high b. at an all-time low c. steadily increasing d. steadily declining

d. steadily declining

Rewarding students for meeting deadlines and respecting authority figures is an example of ________. a. a latent function b. a manifest function c. informal education d. transmission of moral education

d. transmission of moral education

prejudiced action against a group of people

discrimination

when people perform tasks based upon the gender assigned to them by society and, in turn, themselves

doing gender

a group of people who have more power in a society than any of the subordinate groups

dominant group

concept that prohibits premarital sexual intercourse for women but allows it for men

double standard

a social institution through which a society's children are taught basic academic knowledge, learning skills, and cultural norms

education

shared culture, which may include heritage, language, religion, and more

ethnicity

when a dominant group forces a subordinate group to leave a certain area or even the country

expulsion

a household that includes at least one parent and child as well as other relatives like grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins

extended family

socially recognized groups of individuals who may be joined by blood, marriage, or adoption and who form an emotional connection and an economic unit of society

family

a sociological model of family that sees the progression of events as fluid rather than as occurring in strict stages

family life course

a set of predictable steps and patterns families experience over time

family life cycle

the family into which one is born

family of orientation

a family that is formed through marriage

family of procreation

the learning of academic facts and concepts

formal education

a term that refers to social or cultural distinctions of behaviors that are considered male or female

gender

an individual's sense of being either masculine or feminine

gender identity

society's concept of how men and women should behave

gender role

the deliberate annihilation of a targeted (usually subordinate) group

genocide

the idea that the achievement level associated with an A today is notably lower than the achievement level associated with A-level work a few decades ago

grade inflation

a federal program that provides academically focused preschool to students of low socioeconomic status

head start program

the type of nonacademic knowledge that one learns through informal learning and cultural transmission

hidden curriculum

an extreme or irrational aversion to homosexuals

homophobia

learning about cultural values, norms, and expected behaviors through participation in a society

informal education

theory that suggests we cannot separate the effects of race, class, gender, sexual orientation, and other attributes

intersection theory

violence that occurs between individuals who maintain a romantic or sexual relationship

intimate partner violence

a person's traceable ancestry (by blood, marriage, and/or adoption)

kinship

a legally recognized contract between two or more people in a sexual relationship who have an expectation of permanence about their relationship

marriage

a type of unilateral descent that follows the mother's side only

matrilineal descent

a system in which it is customary for a husband to live with the his wife's family

matrilocal residence

any group of people who are singled out from the others for differential and unequal treatment

minority group

the stereotype applied to a minority group that is seen as reaching higher educational, professional, and socioeconomic levels without protest against the majority establishment

model minority

when someone is married to only one person at a time

monogamy

requires states to test students in prescribed grades, with the results of those tests determining eligibility to receive federal funding

no child left behind act

two parents (traditionally a married husband and wife) and children living in the same household

nuclear family

a type of unilateral descent that follows the father's line only

patrilineal descent

a system in which it is customary for the a wife to live with (or near) the her husband's family

patrilocal residence

represented by the ideal of the United States as a "salad bowl:" a mixture of different cultures where each culture retains its own identity and yet adds to the "flavor" of the whole

pluralism

a form of marriage in which one woman is married to more than one man at one time

polyandry

the state of being committed or married to more than one person at a time

polygamy

a form of marriage in which one man is married to more than one woman at one time

polygyny

biased thought based on flawed assumptions about a group of people

prejudice

a scholarly discipline that questions fixed (normative) definitions of gender and sexuality

queer theory

when real estate agents direct prospective homeowners toward or away from certain neighborhoods based on their race

racial steering

a set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices that are used to justify the belief that one racial category is somehow superior or inferior to others

racism

suggests that the dominant group will displace its unfocused aggression onto a subordinate group

scapegoat theory

the physical separation of two groups, particularly in residence, but also in workplace and social functions

segregation

a term that denotes the presence of physical or physiological differences between males and females

sex

the prejudiced belief that one sex should be valued over another

sexism

a person's emotional and sexual attraction to a particular sex (male or female)

sexual orientation

what are the four functions of family for society?

sexual, reproductive, educational, economic

a person's capacity for sexual feelings

sexuality

a group of medical symptoms such as brain swelling and retinal hemorrhage resulting from forcefully shaking or impacting an infant's head

shaken-baby syndrome

the school of thought that race is not biologically identifiable

social construction of race

the use of education to improve one's social standing

social placement

classifying students based on academic merit or potential

sorting

oversimplified ideas about groups of people

stereotypes

theoretical perspective that believe families stabilize society

structural functionalism

theoretical perspective that changed their perspective on gender after World War II

structural functionalism

theoretical perspective that thinks education is for the manifest and latent functions

structural functionalism

theoretical perspective that thinks race inequalities are important because they have existed for along time

structural functionalism

theoretical perspective that thinks that parents are important because they teach children gender roles

structural functionalism

theoretical perspective that thinks that the dominant group always gets positive effects from racism and such

structural functionalism

theoretical perspective that thought that women should stay in the house while men go out

structural functionalism

theoretical perspective that through that women had to work while men were at war

structural functionalism

a group of people who have less power than the dominant group

subordinate group

theoretical perspective that thinks marriage and family are symbols of respect and compassion

symbolic interactionism

theoretical perspective that thinks of race and ethnicity as strong symbols of identity

symbolic interactionism

theoretical perspective that thinks that education just chooses who has power through labeling

symbolic interactionism

theoretical perspective that thinks that gender changes the way we interact with someone

symbolic interactionism

theoretical perspective that thinks that racial prejudice is formed through interactions between members of the dominant group

symbolic interactionism

theoretical perspective that thinks we are doing gender all the time 24/7

symbolic interactionism

a formalized sorting system that places students on "tracks" (advanced, low achievers) that perpetuate inequalities

tracking

a term that refers to individuals who identify with the behaviors and characteristics that are opposite of their biological sex

transgender

transgendered individuals who wish to alter their bodies through medical interventions such as surgery and hormonal therapy

transsexuals

the tracing of kinship through one parent only.

unilateral descent

the equal ability of all people to participate in an education system

universal access

the benefits people receive simply by being part of the dominant group

white privilege