Chapter 12 - Childhood Development

54. Among adolescents, peer-group conformity seems to peak about age A) 13 or 14. B) 11 or 12. C) 18 or 19. D) 15. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 12-1-54 Page-Reference: 344 Skill: Knowledge

A) 13 or 14.

45. Canadian youth crime rates peak at age ____. A) 17 B) 12 C) 15 D) 18 Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 12-1-45 Page-Reference: 340 Skill: Knowledge

A) 17

51. Which of the following statements regarding gambling and youth is true? A) Gambling as an acceptable form of entertainment embraced by our society and is harmless to children. B) Gambling is not in the same risk category as smoking, drinking, or drugs because the consequences of gambling are minor compared to those activities. C) Adolescents display a higher incidence of gambling problems than adults, and youth are more likely than adults to develop a serious gambling problem. D) Adolescents are more likely to wager valued possessions or buy lotto tickets than to gamble for money. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 12-1-51 Page-Reference: 348 Skill: Knowledge

C) Adolescents display a higher incidence of gambling problems than adults, and youth are more likely than adults to develop a serious gambling problem.

33. At Kohlberg's ______ level of moral reasoning, the standards the child uses to judge right and wrong are external, based on superior sources of authority, and determined by the outcome or consequences. A) universal ethics B) conventional morality C) preconventional morality D) principled morality Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 12-1-33 Page-Reference: 332 Skill: Knowledge

C) preconventional morality

20. Which of the following is one of the four basic sex-role types identified by researchers? A) womanly B) incomplete C) masculine D) asexual Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 12-1-20 Page-Reference: 328-329 Skill: Knowledge

C) masculine

19. A weak self-concept during adolescence puts boys at risk for ________ in young adulthood. A) criminal behaviour and obesity B) impulsivity and depression C) obesity and inactivity D) poor body image and depression Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 12-1-19 Page-Reference: 327 Skill: Knowledge

C) obesity and inactivity

56. Which of the following is the best example of a clique, as described by Dunphy? A) Roberto, Larry, George, and Ali have shared the good times and the bad times in each other's lives since they were 12 years old. B) Muhammed and Ken have been best friends since they played on the same soccer team in Grade 5. C) The Ajax basketball team won the provincial championship by setting team goals, playing unselfishly, and practicing every day. D) Raoul and Elena have been dating since they were 15, and now they are thinking of marrying. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 12-1-56 Page-Reference: 344 Skill: Analysis

A) Roberto, Larry, George, and Ali have shared the good times and the bad times in each other's lives since they were 12 years old.

57. Which of the following most accurately describes the evolution of peer group structures during adolescence? A) Same-sex cliques combine into crowds that evolve into heterosexual cliques and associations of couples. B) Reputation-based groups become identity prototypes that will become either cliques or crowds. C) Best-friend pairs form heterosexual cliques that evolve into loosely associated crowds. D) Crowds dissolve into cliques that reorganize into heterosexual pairs. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 12-1-57 Page-Reference: 344 Skill: Knowledge

A) Same-sex cliques combine into crowds that evolve into heterosexual cliques and associations of couples.

11. Surveys indicate that the majority of 11- to 18-year-olds have their own cellphones. A) True B) False Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 12-2-11 Page-Reference: 342 Skill: Comprehension

A) True

15. According to Kohlberg's theory, the level of moral reasoning in which judgments are based on integration of individual rights and the needs of society is postconventional morality. A) True B) False Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 12-2-15 Page-Reference: 332-333 Skill: Comprehension

A) True

16. The most obvious reason for the general correlations between Kohlberg's stages and chronological age is cognitive development. A) True B) False Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 12-2-16 Page-Reference: 336 Skill: Knowledge

A) True

18. Kohlberg identified that the development of moral reasoning requires both cognitive development and support from the social environment. A) True B) False Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 12-2-18 Page-Reference: 335 Skill: Knowledge

A) True

2. According to Erikson, teens protect themselves against the turmoil of the identity crisis by identifying with a peer group. A) True B) False Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 12-2-02 Page-Reference: 324 Skill: Knowledge

A) True

22. Peer influences and parenting style are two socializing factors that predict youth crime rates. A) True B) False Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 12-2-22 Page-Reference: 340 Skill: Knowledge

A) True

23. Parents and adolescents argue most about chores, school, attitude, and parents' concerns about teens' safety. A) True B) False Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 12-2-23 Page-Reference: 342 Skill: Knowledge

A) True

24. By age 13, most adolescents have had the experience of being in love. A) True B) False Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 12-2-24 Page-Reference: 345 Skill: Knowledge

A) True

25. Homosexual teenagers become aware of same-sex attraction at around age 11 or 12, roughly the same age as their heterosexual peers begin to notice their attraction to the opposite sex. A) True B) False Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 12-2-25 Page-Reference: 346 Skill: Knowledge

A) True

4. Social self-concepts can predict behaviour. A) True B) False Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 12-2-04 Page-Reference: 326 Skill: Knowledge

A) True

7. Since 17-year-old Ahmed has lived in Canada for 12 years, he is likely to have adopted similar patterns of lifestyle behaviour as his Canadian-born friends. A) True B) False Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 12-2-07 Page-Reference: 329-330 Skill: Application

A) True

8. Adolescents who form strong ethnic identities have higher levels of self-esteem and optimism than their peers with weak ethnic identities. A) True B) False Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 12-2-08 Page-Reference: 329-330 Skill: Knowledge

A) True

Chapter 12 True-False Questions 1. According to Freud, the primary developmental task of adolescence is to channel the libido into a healthy sexual relationship. A) True B) False Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 12-2-01 Page-Reference: 324 Skill: Knowledge

A) True

14. When Maria was 12, her mother died suddenly. For a number of years, Maria felt abandoned by her religious faith, and she questioned the existence of a supreme being. Recently, however, she has returned to the practice of her religion, and she says her faith now sustains and comforts her. With regard to religion, Maria is in the ________ identity status. A) achievement B) diffusion C) crisis D) foreclosure Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 12-1-14 Page-Reference: 324-325 Skill: Application

A) achievement

18. A weak self-concept during adolescence puts ________ at risk for depression, poor self-perceived health, and obesity in young adulthood. A) all adolescent girls B) adolescent boys and girls C) early adolescent boys D) late adolescent girls Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 12-1-18 Page-Reference: 327 Skill: Knowledge

A) all adolescent girls

60. Which item is out of place in this list? A) clique B) crowd C) reputation-based group D) identity prototype Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 12-1-60 Page-Reference: 344 Skill: Analysis

A) clique

35. At level I of Kolberg's stages of moral development—preconventional morality—judgments are based on A) compliance with superior power. B) the notion of retaliation. C) the greatest good for the greatest number. D) the expectations of others. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 12-1-35 Page-Reference: 332 Skill: Knowledge

A) compliance with superior power.

38. Tanya tries to behave well so that she can avoid being punished for misbehaviour, and strives to be polite and friendly so that others will like her better. Tanya is most likely at Kohlberg's ________ stage of moral reasoning. A) conventional morality B) principled morality C) naive morality D) postconventional morality Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 12-1-38 Page-Reference: 334-335 Skill: Analysis

A) conventional morality

40. A person who says "I pay income taxes and obey the posted speed limits because that is the law" is most likely reasoning at Kohlberg's ________ stage of moral development. A) conventional morality B) naive hedonism C) universal ethical principles D) preconventional morality Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 12-1-40 Page-Reference: 334 Skill: Comprehension

A) conventional morality

62. "Jocks," "nerds," "preppies," and "skaters" are labels that are examples of A) crowds. B) cliques. C) posses. D) stereotypes. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 12-1-62 Page-Reference: 344 Skill: Analysis

A) crowds.

11. Ling is planning to go to journalism school because her parents own the local newspaper. She has never considered other options. Ling is at the ________ stage of identity development, according to James Marcia. A) foreclosure B) achievement C) moratorium D) diffusion Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 12-1-11 Page-Reference: 324-325 Skill: Application

A) foreclosure

3. According to Erikson, the central crisis of adolescence is A) identity versus role confusion. B) industry versus inferiority. C) latency versus psychosexual development. D) intimacy versus isolation. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 12-1-03 Page-Reference: 324 Skill: Knowledge

A) identity versus role confusion.

43. Carol Gilligan proposes that there are two distinct moral orientations: ________ and ________. A) justice; care B) judgment; nurture C) intimacy; legality D) fairness; ethics Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 12-1-43 Page-Reference: 337-338 Skill: Knowledge

A) justice; care

64. Problem gambling is now classified as a ____________________ in the DSM-V. A) substance-related and addictive disorder B) neurodevelopmental disorder C) disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorder D) personality disorder Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 12-1-64 Page-Reference: 348 Skill: Knowledge

A) substance-related and addictive disorder

2. Compare and contrast the relative influences of parents and peers upon teenagers. In your opinion, which set of influences is most powerful? Why? Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 12-4-02 Page-Reference: 341-344 Skill: Analysis

Answers will vary

3. Discuss the issue of gambling among Canadian youth. What factors might account for the increase in youth gambling? How are youth harmed by problem gambling? What can be done to help young gamblers? Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 12-4-03 Page-Reference: 348 Skill: Comprehension

Answers will vary

4. Identify and describe Kohlberg's theory and levels of moral development. Provide examples to illustrate each stage. What developmental and environmental factors influence the development of moral reasoning? What are the gaps and criticisms associated with Kohlberg's work? Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 12-4-04 Page-Reference: 332-336 Skill: Comprehension

Answers will vary

5. Discuss criminality and anti-social behaviour patterns among Canadian youth. Describe the moral reasoning abilities and other characteristics of young people who commit criminal offences. What are the trends, sub-groups, causes, risk factors, and consequences of this social problem? What stand does the Youth Criminal Justice Act take toward youth criminality? Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 12-4-05 Page-Reference: 339-341 Skill: Comprehension

Answers will vary

6. Explain how interest in romantic relationships emerges among heterosexual and homosexual teens. At what age do teens become aware of sexual attraction? Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 12-4-06 Page-Reference: 345-346 Skill: Knowledge

Answers will vary

Chapter 12 Essay Questions 1. Describe Marcia's conceptualization of identity formation in adolescence. In your description, define the two key components of identity formation, and summarize the four possible identity statuses. Give examples to illustrate each of the four statuses. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 12-4-01 Page-Reference: 324-326 Skill: Application

Answers will vary

24. Which of the following statements about sex-role identity and self-esteem is NOT correct? A) An androgynous self-role identity is associated with higher self-esteem among girls and boys in Canada and other Western societies. B) A teenage girl can achieve high self-esteem and success in social interactions by adopting a traditional feminine sex role. C) A teenage boy can achieve high self-esteem and success with his peers by adopting a traditional masculine sex role. D) Although masculine qualities may be highly valued, girls in other cultures may be strongly discouraged from adopting these more highly valued sex-role characteristics. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 12-1-24 Page-Reference: 328-329 Skill: Analysis

B) A teenage girl can achieve high self-esteem and success in social interactions by adopting a traditional feminine sex role.

48. Which of the following is NOT correct regarding conflict between adolescents and their families? A) Discord is widely experienced, but does not signify a major disruption of the quality of the parent-child relationship. B) As a result of the increase in adolescent-family conflict, over 50% of families experience a substantial and pervasive deterioration of the parent-child relationship during early adolescence. C) An individual teen's temperament and pubertal status may contribute to the degree of conflict with her parents. D) Most adolescents and their families experience an increase in mild bickering or conflicts over issues such as chores or personal rights. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 12-1-48 Page-Reference: 342 Skill: Comprehension

B) As a result of the increase in adolescent-family conflict, over 50% of families experience a substantial and pervasive deterioration of the parent-child relationship during early adolescence.

10. Teenagers who are closely attached to their parents are academically successful, enjoy good peer relations, but are just as likely to engage in antisocial behaviour. A) True B) False Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 12-2-10 Page-Reference: 342 Skill: Comprehension

B) False

12. During early adolescence, cliques are typically small cross-sex groups who label themselves by identity prototypes such as "jocks," "populars," or "loners." A) True B) False Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 12-2-12 Page-Reference: 344 Skill: Knowledge

B) False

13. According to Kohlberg, most adolescents operate beyond a level 3 stage of moral development, where living up to the expectations of one's family or significant others is the major influence on moral reasoning. A) True B) False Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 12-2-13 Page-Reference: 332-333 Skill: Knowledge

B) False

14. Temperament appears to be the most important factor in the development of the onset of youth criminality during adolescence. A) True B) False Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 12-2-14 Page-Reference: 339 Skill: Knowledge

B) False

17. The American civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s is a good example of stage 6 universal ethical principles of moral reasoning in action. A) True B) False Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 12-2-17 Page-Reference: 335 Skill: Knowledge

B) False

19. Cross-cultural research indicates that Kohlberg's stage sequence is not universal in all cultures. A) True B) False Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 12-2-19 Page-Reference: 337 Skill: Knowledge

B) False

20. Gilligan's main criticism of Kohlberg's theory centres on sample bias, because Kohlberg used only male subjects. A) True B) False Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 12-2-20 Page-Reference: 337 Skill: Knowledge

B) False

21. One's level of moral reasoning is strongly predictive of moral behaviours or actions. A) True B) False Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 12-2-21 Page-Reference: 337 Skill: Knowledge

B) False

3. According to Marcia, an individual who has a foreclosure identity has experienced a period of crisis and has made a commitment to ideological, occupational, or other goals. A) True B) False Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 12-2-03 Page-Reference: 324-325 Skill: Comprehension

B) False

5. An individual who has an undifferentiated sex-role orientation would describe himself as having both feminine and masculine characteristics and traits. A) True B) False Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 12-2-05 Page-Reference: 328-329 Skill: Knowledge

B) False

6. Among Canadian adolescents, girls report a higher level of self-esteem than boys. A) True B) False Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 12-2-06 Page-Reference: 328 Skill: Knowledge

B) False

9. In the majority of families, conflict between teens and their parents typically signifies a major disruption in the quality of the parent-child relationship. A) True B) False Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 12-2-09 Page-Reference: 342 Skill: Knowledge

B) False

15. Which of the following is a true statement about the adolescent identity formation process? A) Research findings on identity formation with participants in college or college-preparation programs do not differ significantly from research findings with participants who did not attend college after high school. B) Researchers have determined that the process of identity formation in adolescence may only be one period of identity formation among several. C) Evidence suggests that the quest for personal identity is solidified by late adolescence/early adulthood. D) Over identification in peer-group identity impedes self-identity. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 12-1-15 Page-Reference: 324-325 Skill: Analysis

B) Researchers have determined that the process of identity formation in adolescence may only be one period of identity formation among several.

34. Which of the stages of moral reasoning listed below is most commonly found among teenagers? A) Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience Orientation B) Stage 3: Mutual Interpersonal Expectations, Relationships, and Interpersonal Conformity C) Stage 5: Social Contract or Utility and Individual Rights D) Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 12-1-34 Page-Reference: 332 Skill: Knowledge

B) Stage 3: Mutual Interpersonal Expectations, Relationships, and Interpersonal Conformity

5. Which of the following is NOT an aspect of Erikson's views on psychosocial development in adolescence? A) an identity crisis B) a tendency to develop sexual fixations C) an "ungluing" of a sense of identity as a result of the rapid physical and sexual developments of puberty D) identification with peer groups Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 12-1-05 Page-Reference: 324 Skill: Comprehension

B) a tendency to develop sexual fixations

25. Which of the following is not a factor that can impact a teen's self-esteem negatively? A) depression B) achievements C) eating disorders D) anxiety Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 12-1-25 Page-Reference: 328 Skill: Comprehension

B) achievements

22. An individual whose sex-role orientation is ________ would perceive herself or himself as having both feminine and masculine traits. A) ambivalent B) androgynous C) undifferentiated D) indifferent Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 12-1-22 Page-Reference: 329 Skill: Knowledge

B) androgynous

26. Research demonstrates that a(n) ________ gender-role identity is associated with higher self-esteem among boys and girls in North America. A) masculine B) androgynous or masculine C) androgynous D) undifferentiated Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 12-1-26 Page-Reference: 328-329 Skill: Knowledge

B) androgynous or masculine

9. According to Marcia, a personal investment in a specific role, value, goal, or ideology is a A) foreclosure. B) commitment. C) formal operation. D) moratorium. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 12-1-09 Page-Reference: 324-325 Skill: Knowledge

B) commitment.

61. A combination of cliques, which includes both males and females, is a A) clique. B) crowd. C) camp. D) posse. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 12-1-61 Page-Reference: 344 Skill: Analysis

B) crowd.

13. Muhammed does not know what he wants to do when he graduates from high school, and he is not worried about it. He says, "That decision will take care of itself." Marcia would say that Muhammed is in the ________ identity status. A) moratorium B) diffusion C) foreclosure D) achievement Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 12-1-13 Page-Reference: 324-325 Skill: Application

B) diffusion

42. Critics of Kohlberg's theory claim that his failure to consider ______ is a significant flaw. A) IQ B) emotions C) ethnicity D) education levels Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 12-1-42 Page-Reference: 337-338 Skill: Knowledge

B) emotions

28. Hamza feels a sense of belonging to her Lebanese parent's culture, values, beliefs and traditions. This sense of belonging is called one's: A) individual identity. B) ethnic identity. C) minority identity. D) bicultural identity. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 12-1-28 Page-Reference: 329-330 Skill: Knowledge

B) ethnic identity.

52. Which of the following personality traits is a considered a risk factor for developing problem gambling habits? A) depression B) high impulsivity C) low self-esteem D) openness to experience Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 12-1-52 Page-Reference: 348 Skill: Comprehension

B) high impulsivity

4. According to Erikson, the stage during which adolescents attain a sense of who they are is A) ego integrity versus despair. B) identity versus role confusion. C) intimacy versus isolation. D) the genital stage. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 12-1-04 Page-Reference: 324 Skill: Knowledge

B) identity versus role confusion.

37. Ben's friend Muhammed broke a window and consequently was punished. Ben said that Muhammed was bad because he had been punished. This would indicate that Ben was at Kohlberg's ________ stage of moral reasoning. A) conventional morality/interpersonal conformity B) preconventional morality/punishment and obedience orientation C) preconventional morality/conscience D) principled morality/social contract Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 12-1-37 Page-Reference: 332 Skill: Analysis

B) preconventional morality/punishment and obedience orientation

21. The gender-related aspects of the psychological self are known as A) gender role types. B) sex role identities. C) sexual preference. D) gender formation Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 12-1-21 Page-Reference: 328-329 Skill: Knowledge

B) sex role identities.

53. Which of the following is NOT an important characteristic of teenagers' friendships? A) stability B) sexual attractiveness C) loyalty and faithfulness D) shared activities and interests Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 12-1-53 Page-Reference: 342-343 Skill: Comprehension

B) sexual attractiveness

17. As teenagers proceed through adolescence, A) they have more rigid ideas about sex-role behaviours or sex-role identity behaviours. B) they increasingly define themselves in terms of enduring traits, beliefs, moral standards, or personal philosophies. C) their self-concepts are increasingly tied to their physical characteristics. D) their self-concepts become more concrete. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 12-1-17 Page-Reference: 327 Skill: Comprehension

B) they increasingly define themselves in terms of enduring traits, beliefs, moral standards, or personal philosophies.

55. Among adolescents, peer-group pressures are most likely to be A) more powerful than parental values and mandated behaviours. B) toward positive activities, such as school involvement. C) toward misconduct, such as vandalism or delinquency. D) negative and destructive. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 12-1-55 Page-Reference: 344 Skill: Comprehension

B) toward positive activities, such as school involvement.

49. How is a teen's attachment relationship with her or his parents affected by the developmental processes of separation and individuation in adolescence? A) As the teen becomes more autonomous and separate, the need for parents as a secure psychological base is eliminated. B) The teenager must weaken and eventually break the attachment bond with her parents in order to become autonomous. C) Even as relationships with peers become more important, teenagers continue to name parents as the people who are most close and important to them. D) As a result of family conflict and increased autonomy during adolescence, attachment to the peer group is more important than attachment to parents. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 12-1-49 Page-Reference: 342 Skill: Comprehension

C) Even as relationships with peers become more important, teenagers continue to name parents as the people who are most close and important to them.

27. ________ and ________ sex roles are associated with higher self-esteem for boys and girls due to the "masculine bias." A) Masculine; feminine B) Feminine; androgynous C) Masculine; androgynous D) Undifferentiated; androgynous Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 12-1-27 Page-Reference: 328-329 Skill: Knowledge

C) Masculine; androgynous

8. Which of the following is most consistent with the concept of a crisis, as defined by James Marcia? A) For the past two years, Juan has had thoughts of suicide, and recently he was diagnosed with depressive disorder. B) When Iman failed her calculus test, her parents grounded her for two weeks and imposed a requirement of two hours of supervised study every school night until the next exam. C) Since she was a child, Lola had planned to become a physician when she grew up. Recently, however, she has become very interested in physics, and now she is evaluating related career options such as engineering. D) Torrential rains in the Prairies caused major flooding, and thousands of people were displaced from their homes and lost their possessions and livelihoods. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 12-1-08 Page-Reference: 324 Skill: Application

C) Since she was a child, Lola had planned to become a physician when she grew up. Recently, however, she has become very interested in physics, and now she is evaluating related career options such as engineering.

63. A central influence upon adolescent dating patterns is A) having interests, values, and attitudes in common with one's dating partners. B) choosing dating partners who are similar in terms of socio-economic status, ethnicity, religion, etc. C) being in love with one's dating partners. D) the drive to be sexually active. Difficulty: 3 QuestionID: 12-1-63 Page-Reference: 345-346 Skill: Knowledge

C) being in love with one's dating partners.

47. Psychologist Nancy Eisenberg suggests that empathy, the ability to identify with others' emotions, is ___________ moral development. A) a causal factor in B) a consequence of C) both a cause and a consequence of D) not necessary to achieve Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 12-1-47 Page-Reference: 337 Skill: Knowledge

C) both a cause and a consequence of

39. At Kohlberg's ________ stage of moral reasoning, the rules or norms of a group to which the individual belongs, such as the family, peer group, or religion, become the basis of moral judgments. A) social contract orientation B) punishment and obedience orientation C) conventional morality D) naive hedonism Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 12-1-39 Page-Reference: 334 Skill: Knowledge

C) conventional morality

2. According to Freud, adolescence occurs during the ________ stage when psychosexual maturity is reached. A) libidinous B) identity confirmation C) genital D) latent Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 12-1-02 Page-Reference: 324 Skill: Knowledge

C) genital

59. During adolescence, the identity prototypes that are associated with reputation-based peer groups most likely serve the developmental purpose of A) clarifying appropriate targets for social and romantic interests. B) maintaining order and discipline among groups in the educational setting. C) helping to create or reinforce adolescents' sense of identity. D) helping teens understand their potential roles as adults. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 12-1-59 Page-Reference: 344 Skill: Analysis

C) helping to create or reinforce adolescents' sense of identity.

58. If 17-year-old Amir belongs to the crowd of "jocks" at his school, then he A) most likely has no clear sense of his identity or where he fits in among his peers. B) most likely has friends from other school groups, such as "druggies," "grits," or "loners." C) probably belongs to a high-status group of peers. D) probably has more athletic achievements than academic or social achievements. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 12-1-58 Page-Reference: 344 Skill: Comprehension

C) probably belongs to a high-status group of peers.

41. At the beginning of the semester, Dr. Smith provides her calculus class with a syllabus that outlines the rules and procedures the class will follow to ensure an equitable learning environment for all students. Dr. Smith emphasizes that if the procedures or rules seem unfair or create a hardship, she is willing to negotiate new rules. Dr. Smith's philosophy of class management is most consistent with Kohlberg's ________ stage of moral reasoning. A) naive hedonism B) law-and-order orientation C) social contract orientation D) universal ethical principles Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 12-1-41 Page-Reference: 335 Skill: Analysis

C) social contract orientation

32. According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, at the preconventional stage, a child's moral reasoning is based on A) the expectations of others regarding the child's behaviour. B) internalized values and principles. C) the outcome or consequences of an action. D) how the greatest good can be achieved. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 12-1-32 Page-Reference: 332 Skill: Comprehension

C) the outcome or consequences of an action.

6. According to Erikson, the child's sense of identity becomes partly "_______" in early adolescence. A) shifted B) challenging C) unglued D) compromised Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 12-1-06 Page-Reference: 324 Skill: Comprehension

C) unglued

16. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the development of self-concept during adolescence? A) In the development of a self-concept, girls seem to be influenced by both internal and external comparisons with others, whereas boys are more influenced by their internal, self-defined standards. B) Adolescents' self-concepts become more differentiated, and they are able to envision themselves in a variety of roles. C) By late adolescence, most teenagers think of themselves in terms of enduring traits, beliefs, or moral standards. D) Adolescents increasingly define themselves in terms of their appearance and physical qualities. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 12-1-16 Page-Reference: 326-327 Skill: Analysis

D) Adolescents increasingly define themselves in terms of their appearance and physical qualities.

50. Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding romantic relationship patterns among homosexual teens? A) Homosexual teenagers become aware of same-sex attraction at around age 11 or 12, roughly the same age as their heterosexual peers. B) Homosexual boys notice and act on same-sex attraction earlier than girls do. C) Most experience some degree of attraction to both sexes prior to self-identifying as gay or lesbian. D) By age 13, most have classified themselves as primarily heterosexual or committed to a gay, lesbian, or bisexual orientation. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 12-1-50 Page-Reference: 346 Skill: Knowledge

D) By age 13, most have classified themselves as primarily heterosexual or committed to a gay, lesbian, or bisexual orientation.

36. Young adolescents use which of the options listed below to reason things through? A) Sometimes everyone is right. B) God will decide right and wrong. C) Follow the legal determination of right and wrong. D) Follow the opinion of an authority figure. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 12-1-36 Page-Reference: 332 Skill: Knowledge

D) Follow the opinion of an authority figure.

7. According to Marcia's theory of adolescent identity achievement, adolescent identity formation has two key parts: ________ and ________. A) a physical transformation; a psychosocial transition B) an attachment; a separation C) an extrusion; an inclusion D) a crisis; a commitment Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 12-1-07 Page-Reference: 324-325 Skill: Knowledge

D) a crisis; a commitment

10. According to Marcia, a person who has examined her values and choices, and who has committed to a specific role, value, or ideology is in the ________ identity status. A) foreclosure B) moratorium C) diffusion D) achievement Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 12-1-10 Page-Reference: 324-325 Skill: Knowledge

D) achievement

23. Mikhail is noted for baking the best apple pie on the block and is also the person everyone calls when their car won't start. Mikhail can comfort a crying child and fix a flat tire with equal confidence. Mikhail's' sex-role orientation is most likely A) indeterminate. B) transsexual. C) feminine. D) androgynous. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 12-1-23 Page-Reference: 329 Skill: Application

D) androgynous.

30. Minority teenagers face all of the following issues EXCEPT A) self-identifying as a member of their specific group. B) developing an individual identity. C) committing to the values of their specific group. D) assimilating into the dominant culture. Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 12-1-30 Page-Reference: 354 Skill: Knowledge

D) assimilating into the dominant culture.

29. Personal identification and satisfaction with more than one culture refers to A) expanded identity. B) ethnic identity. C) minority identity. D) bicultural identity Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 12-1-29 Page-Reference: 330 Skill: Knowledge

D) bicultural identity

44. Adolescent antisocial behaviour that includes law-breaking is labelled A) delinquency. B) social aggression. C) youth offences. D) criminality. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 12-1-44 Page-Reference: 339 Skill: Knowledge

D) criminality.

31. Compared to non-immigrant youth, immigrant youth in Canada have A) the same rates of participation in religious organizations. B) lower rates of participation in all activities outside the home. C) lower rates of participation in religious organizations. D) higher rates of participation in religious organizations. Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 12-1-31 Page-Reference: 329-330 Skill: Knowledge

D) higher rates of participation in religious organizations.

46. Which one of the following factors is NOT associated with youth who commit crimes at an early age? A) risky sexual behaviour B) dropping out of school C) drug and alcohol use D) lower IQ scores Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 12-1-46 Page-Reference: 339-341 Skill: Knowledge

D) lower IQ scores

12. Lars thinks he wants to be an accountant, but he is not sure. He is working with his high-school career counsellor to get information about careers and college majors before he makes a decision. According to Marcia, Lars is in the ________ stage of identity development. A) foreclosure B) achievement C) diffusion D) moratorium Difficulty: 2 QuestionID: 12-1-12 Page-Reference: 324-325 Skill: Application

D) moratorium

Chapter 12: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence Chapter 12 Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Undergoing a trial of endurance, beginning to sleep separately from one's family, or celebrating the attainment of dating age are examples of ________ that mark an adolescent's transition into adult culture. A) trans-pubertal events B) confirmation C) identity rituals D) rites of passage Difficulty: 1 QuestionID: 12-1-01 Page-Reference: 323 Skill: Comprehension

D) rites of passage