Chapter 12

A test for an interaction effect compares means for

the levels of one independent variable averaged

A(n) _______ test is often used to analyze data in a factorial design.

ANOVA

What is an interaction effect? Provide an example.

Answers will vary. Interaction effects test the effect of one independent variable at each level of another independent variable in an ANOVA.

What are levels of the independent variable? Provide an example.

Answers will vary. Levels of independent variables are different situations or conditions that participants experience in an experiment because of the manipulation of the independent variable.

What is a main effect? Provide an example.

Answers will vary. Main effects test of the differences between all means for each level of an independent variable in an ANOVA

Describe the interaction effect shown in the graph below.

Display 2 results in a higher score than Display 1 for Task 2, but there is no effect of Display for Task 1.

An interaction effect can be tested in all experiments.

False

Graphs are not useful in determining the type of interaction that occurred and should be followed up with additional statistical tests to determine exactly where the differences between the conditions in the interaction are in order to best describe the interaction effect.

False

Hardly any of the experiments conducted by researchers are factorial designs.

False

Main effects test the separate effects of an ______ on a _____.

IV, DV

A graph is often best to examine whether the effects of an _____ depend on the levels of other _____s.

IV, IV

What are simple effects tests and when are they used?

Statistical tests conducted to characterize an interaction effect when one is found in an ANOVA.

Experiments are very common in cognitive research.

True

In factorial designs, the comparison of the mean scores for the levels of one independent variable is the test of the main effect of that independent variable.

True

Interactions between independent variables can reveal interesting effects of the variables beyond what is seen in the main effects of each variable.

True

Testing the combined effects of the independent variables is the unique feature of factorial designs.

True

The main effect is one type of effect tested in an analysis of variance (ANOVA).

True

The primary advantages of a factorial design over simpler experiments are that a researcher can be more efficient in testing the effects of multiple independent variables in one experiment and can also examine the combined effects of those independent variables on the dependent variable.

True

When the effect of one independent variable (e.g., treatment type) depends on the levels of another independent variable (e.g., short or long outing), this is called an interaction effect.

True

Factorial experiments can provide researchers with ______ information about behavior.

a great deal of

To determine the overall means for a level of an independent variable, the researcher __________ the means for the cells in the columns and the rows.

averages

A study comparing the brain activity and behavioral responses to appetizing food for children and adults is most likely this type of study

biological

A study testing effects of suggestive retrieval techniques on false memories for having committed a crime is most likely this type of study

cognitive

Main effects are determined by ________ means for the rows and comparing means for the columns.

comparing

The interaction effect tests the effect of one independent variable for each level of another independent variable to determine how the independent variables interact to affect the _________ variable.

dependent

Researchers were interested in how memory for the location of objects is influenced by the similarity of objects and whether this relationship is the same for different age groups. This type of study is most likely

developmental

The primary advantages of a ___________ design over simpler experiments is that a researcher can be more efficient in testing the effects of multiple independent variables in one experiment and can also examine the effects of the interactions of those independent variables on the dependent variable.

factorial

An experiment or quasi-experiment that includes more than one independent variable is called a

factorial design

Some researchers conduct experiments that contain a true independent variable and age as a subject variable, making them

factorial designs

Testing the combined effects of the independent variables is a unique feature of

factorial designs

Interactions between ________ variables can reveal interesting effects of the variables beyond what is seen in the main effects of each variable.

independent

One advantage of a factorial design is that a researcher can be more efficient in testing the effects of multiple _________ variables in one experiment.

independent

Testing the combined effects of the ________variables is the unique feature of factorial designs.

independent

The levels of the independent variable are the different conditions that are part of the ______ variable.

independent

Without including multiple __________ variables in a single experiment, we would not be able to detect the different effects a factor might have on behavior in different situations.

independent

Graphs are useful in determining the type of interaction that occurred and should be followed up with additional statistical tests to determine exactly where the differences between the conditions in the interaction are in order to best describe ___________.

interaction effect

To examine the _________, the researcher must consider the differences between rows or columns.

interaction effect

When the effect of one independent variable depends on the levels of another independent variable, this is called a(n)

interaction effect

Simple effects tests are used to describe:

interaction effects

Main effects compare _______ means and interaction effects compare _________ means.

level, condition

If a ________ is created, an interaction can be seen in nonparallel lines.

line graph

An interaction effect occurs when

the effect of one independent variable depends on

Many experiments conducted by researchers are factorial designs, meaning they contain more than _______ independent variable.

one

A statistical test conducted to characterize an interaction effect when one is found in an ANOVA is called

simple effects test

Ahern and Hetherington (2006) used the IAT to evaluate implicit attitudes toward the concepts of "thin" and "fat." What type of study is this?

social

The Zimbardo (1973) experiment, where a randomly assigned role as a prisoner or guard in a mock prison affected participants' behavior, is most likely this type of study:

social

Simple effects tests are:

statistical tests conducted to characterize an interaction effect when one is found in an ANOVA

An ANOVA is an analysis of variance test used for designs with ____or more sample means.

three

In a factorial design, there is/are at least ______ independent variable(s).

two

Experiments are _________ in cognitive research.

very common

What is a factorial design? What are the advantages of this design of other experiments?

• Factorial design: an experiment or quasi-experiment that includes more than one independent variable. • The primary advantages of a factorial design over simpler experiments is that a researcher can be more efficient in testing the effects of multiple independent variables in one experiment and can also examine the effects of the interactions of those independent variables on the dependent variable. Thus, many experiments conducted by psychologists are factorial designs.