Chapter 12: Helping

Men are more likely to help females than females are likely to help females, which may e explained by ______________.

altruism AND mating behavior

Which of the following is a common reason given for nations not to intervene in international catastrophes, even if it might cause genocide? a) "We don't have the time." b) "Your nation doesn't have any valuable resources." c) "Its not our responsibility." d) We don't care about your citizens."

'It's not our responsibility."

Cioffi and Garner observed that only about 5 percent of students responded to a campus blood drive after receiving an e-mail announcement a week ahead. When they asked a group to reply with a "no" if they did not anticipate donating, ______ percent of these students showed up to offer their blood.

12

After visitors to the Portland Art Museum disobeyed a "Please don't touch" sign and were reprimanded, ______________ offered to help another experimenter who had "accidentally" dropped something.

58 percent

______________ is a self-serving, selfish motive in which helping is done only to increase one's own welfare.

Egoism

Which of the following statements if false? a) some people are reliably more helpful than others. b) individual differences are often noticed by peers. c) individual difference ten to persist throughout time. d) in an emergency, everyone acts the same.

In an emergency, everyone acts the same.

______________ selection is the idea of selective altruism toward one's close family members in order to enhance the survival of mutually shared genes.

Kin

Which statement is true about the connection between altruistic people and personality?

Personality traits like reliability, empathy skills, and high self-efficacy make it more likely a person will act altruistically.

Which theorist has a "Heroism Project" that aims to strengthen people's courage and compassion, and contends that the first step to becoming a hero is recognizing social pressures that might deter your bystander action?

Philip Zimbardo

Tara tells her girlfriends, "My parents made me feel guilty all the time for not helping my little sister with her homework or not playing with my little sister." What effect do you think Tara's parents' guilt-inducing behavior had on Tara's helping behavior with her little sister?

Tara was probably more likely to help her little sister.

What is the relationship being "learning by doing" and altruism?

When children are induced to make toys for hospitalized children, they became more helpful.

______ is a motive to increase another's welfare without conscious regard for one's self-interests.

altruism

How can we increase helping? a) enhance responsibility b) help people slow down and turn their attention outwards c) all listed answer choices increase helping d) reverse the factors that inhibit helping

all listed answer choices increase helping

In regard to altruism, women are ______________ to risk death as Holocaust rescuers, donate a kidney, or volunteer with the Peace Corps (when compared to men).

as likely, if not more likely

In a ______________ culture, a person would be more likely to help outside of his or her family or neighborhood circle.

collectivistic

On Saturday morning, you heard a scream coming from you next door neighbor's house and ran over to check. In helping your neighbor, you lessened your own ______________.

distress

During wars, we are much more concerned with ______________ than with those of ______________.

deaths on our side; the other side

Choose the situations below in which women are more likely to help, compared with men. a) donating a kidney b) volunteering to help with an experiment c) helping disabled children d) stopping to help change a flat tire.

donating a kidney volunteering to help with an experiment helping disabled children

In the ______________ after someone first turns down a large request, the same requester counteroffers with a more reasonable request.

door-in-the-face

The ______________ is effective in encouraging altruism through concern for self-image.

door-in-the-face

If you volunteer with Big Stress and "feel better" because of this insolvent, reward theory would explain your volunteering as ______________.

egoism

If Susan helps John simply for selfish reasons (for example, it makes her look good), and not really to help John, her motive for helping is called ______________.

egosim

The vicarious experience of another's feelings is ______________.

empathy

When we feel securely attached to another, or we vicariously experience the feelings of others, and put oneself in another's shoes, we are experiencing ______________ for the other.

empathy

In consideration of Cialdini's (2003) experiment of modeling altruism, it would be more effective for a professor to ______________.

emphasize those who do not cheat then to warn of the penalties of cheating.

Women offered help (more/equally/less) ______________ often to men compared to with women, whereas men offered more help to females than to males.

equally

Both ______________ and ______________ rewards can motivate helping.

external; internal

______________ boost self-wroth and explains why so many people feel good after doing good.

helping

In Latane and Darely's (1068) famous "smoke-filled classroom" experiment, what was the independent variable?

how many people were in the room

We see smoke and look around to see whether anyone else is reacting. Although they "appear clam" to us, we presume that they can read our emotions and think and feel what we are. This is an example of ______________.

illusion of transparency

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of empathy-induced altruism? a) improves attitudes toward stigmatized groups b) inhibits aggression c) produces sensitive helping d) increases competition

increases competition

Latane and Darley reasoned that helping is inhibited as the number of bystanders increases because each bystander is less likely to:

interpret the incident as a problem notice the emergency take responsibility

Evolutionary psychology would NOT predict which of the following? a) it would predict all of these examples b) jumping in front of a speeding car to save someone in your own race c) jumping in front of a speeding car to save your son d) jumping in front of a speeding car to save a stranger

jumping in front of a speeding car to save a stranger

Evolutionary

kin selection

Some evolutionary psychologists note that ______ predisposes ethnic ingroup favoritism.

kin selection

Responsibility diffusion increases in

large groups

"Social economics" describes human interactions as being based on an exchange of ______________ and ______________ goods.

material; social

Rescuers of Jews in Nazi Europe, leaders of the antislavery movement, and medical missionaries share at least one common trait, which is called ______________.

moral inclusion

We are ______________ likely to help someone similar to us, than someone who is different.

more

When the justification for an act is more than sufficient, you may conclude you are doing good for the reward rather than an inner motive. This described the ______________.

over justification effect

John Darley and Bibb Latané decided to try to identify the factors that produce

passivity in bystanders during an emergency.

Cialdini (2003) found that the best way to get people to follow national park rules like "don't remove petrified wood" is to tell people that:

past visitors have left the wood alone

James helps Patricia on her homework. When James has trouble in school and Patricia fails to help him back, James gets angry because she "owed him". James is upset that Patricia is not engaging in ______________.

reciprocity

Ally took me out to lunch for my birthday; therefore, I will take Ally out to lunch for her birthday. This is an example of which norm?

reciprocity norm

What is moral exclusion?

regarding others as being outside our circle of moral concern

Social Exchange

relief from stress

We are more likely to help someone attractive to us. Businesses donate money to improve their image. We give rides thinking we may need one in the future. These are examples of ______________ bases.

reward

When groups are in competition, groups of mutually supportive altruists outlast groups of non-altruists. Darwin noted the evolutionary benefits that altruism thus brings to the group and called this outcome group ______________.

selection

______________ capital is the support, trust, and cooperative actions that keep a community healthy.

social

Reciprocity is based on ______________, the connections that keep a community healthy.

social capital

Social Norms

social responsibility norm

Simon offers to give his kidney to his daughter, although he said that he would "never do this for anyone else." This is an example of

social-responsibility norm

In numerous accounts of individuals being attacked or injured when no one helped, the on commonality was ______________.

there were many bystanders

Darley and Batson's (1973) experiment at Princeton found that ______________ was the major factor explaining why some seminary students stopped and helped.

time