Chapter 12 History Study Guide

Identify and explain the four main motives for imperialism

*Economic*- wanted access to natural resources New consumers to whom they could sell their goods Profits invested *Political & Military*- Nationalism lead countries to seize territories because they claimed they were for security reasons *Humanitarian & Religious Goals*- missionaries doctors and colonial officials believed they had a duty to spread what they saw as the blessings of western civilization including its medicine law and christian religion *Applying Social Darwinism* -"only the strong survive" powerful nations able to develop areas and resources being "wasted" by native peoples RACISM

Identify and explain the four motives for European imperialism and How did people oppose it

Economic- Wanted access to natural resources raw materials that they did not have. Political and Military- seized power and land did whatever it took to get the things they wanted. Humanitarian and religious goals- spread the blessings of Western Civilization, Medicine, law, and Christian religion. Social Darwinism- spreading racism felt powerful and better the others. Some people did not like and some didn't want to except some of the changes. Many Africans lost their lives because of these movements to take over. People would protest and put their lives on the line so they could get their point across

sati

Hindu custom that called for a widow to join her husband in death by throwing herself on his funeral pyre—one of the laws banned was mainly practiced by the upper class

How did European nations take advantage of stresses in the Muslim world?

Imperialism gave the Muslims the most stress and struggle they faced threats and other military problems

sepoy

Indian soldier who served in an army set up by the French or English trading companies—East India Company made several unpopular moves. It was the First group that was needed they were to serve anywhere either in India or overseas

How did indigenous people resist European rule in Africa, the Muslim regions, or India?

Most of the Africans resisted the European rule especially British rule so when the British battled the Zulus in southern Africa and the Asante in West Africa the African King was exiled so the Asante put themselves under the rule of Yaa Asantewaa She led the fight against the British in the last Asante war.

What impact did explorers and missionaries have on Africa?

Most of them did not have good effects on the natives and wanted the europeans to get out of their country because that was their homeland.

Identify and explain three ways Muhammad Ali modernized Egypt

Muhammad Ali help modernize Egypt by 1.backing large irrigation projects to increase farm output-he wanted everyone who can be able to have water. 2. expand cotton production- he wanted to expand the textile business so that Egypt could be ahead 3. reorganizing the landholding system- made sure nobody could have control of all the land.

sultan

Muslim ruler—rulers of the Ottoman Turkish empire rejected reform and tried to rebuild the autocratic power enjoyed by earlier rulers

Describe two problems that contributed to Ottoman decline

The Europeans continued to put pressure on and never backed down they never left the Muslims sight they were not giving in they wanted to give the Muslims the fear of seizing. With revolts breaking out it gave some countries hope of expanding or finding new land. It was weakening the empire and counties started to threaten to break away

What were the causes and effects of the Sepoy Mutiny (or Rebellion)

The cause of the Rebellion was mainly the East India Company, which was basically a faction of Great Britain in India. They forced farmers to grow cash crops instead of food, which, as a result, starved India and gave Britain money. The effects were that the East India Company was disbanded, replaced by direct British rule. The rifles and other weapons were greater and more powerful so they were able to conquer. The British East India made unpopular moves —Sepoys were hired to work either in India or overseas For high caste Hindus overseas travel was against their religion British East India company passed a law that allowed hindu widows to remarry Hindus viewed both moves as a Christian conspiracy undermining their belief - Sepoys were issued with rifles that they were told to bite off the tip and put in riffles Effects in some places the sepoys brutally massacred British men women and children The British then took out terrible gruesome revenge on the Indians slaughtering thousands 1858 parliament ended the rule of British East India Company in India under rule of queen Victoria

How was spreading the "blessings of Western civilization" to Africans and Asia "little brothers" a biased viewpoint?

The thought of blessings would mean that they are a great gift from God and that everyone should have the same chance at life. But because there was lots of racism the Africans were killed over 20 million of them in 20 years. Europeans tried to become friends "brothers" so they could possibly snuggle their way in and not have it to be so violent. They thought their way was the best way.

How did Africans resist European imperialism?

They would battle it out and wanted to be the ruling power when the battle would end some turned into wars and many lives were taken because of how much they stood up for their countries.

Boer War

What- a war that the discovery of gold and diamonds in the Boer lands led to conflicts with Britain Between Zulus and Boers descendants of the dutch Union of South Africa When- 1899-1902 Where- Britain Why- the British won in the end but at great cost guerrilla fighting How- They wanted the resources so they were going to do what ever it took to win the war

Muslim League

What- at first Muslims and Hindus worked together for self rule Muslims grew to resent Hindu domination of the Congress party When- 1906 Where- India Why- they worried that a hindu-ran government would oppress Muslims How- Muslims formed this league to pursue their own goals latter on they were talking of separate Muslim state.

Indian National Congress

What- nationalist leaders organized the Indian National congress which became known as the Congress party When- 1885 Where- India Why- its members believed in peaceful protest to gain their ends How- they called for greater democracy which they felt would bring more power to Indians like themselves

Muhammad Ali

Who- Ambitious soldier What- appointed governor of Egypt by the Ottomans When- 1800s -1805 Where- Egypt Why- Ali used the opportunity created by Napoleons invasion and the civil war that followed to seize power How- He used his best talents and gifts that he was given and used them to succeed

David Livingstone

Who- Explorer and missionary What- for 30 years he crisscrossed Africa he wrote about the people there and the people he met When- 1800s Where- Africa and Europe Why- he wanted to find a river and wanted to spread his religion throughout Africa How- opposed the slave trade wanted to end cruel traffic he wanted to find all the territory Africa had

Henry Stanley

Who- Journalist What- trekked into Central Africa to find Livingstone who had not been heard from in years When- 1869 Where- central Africa Why- He was determined to find Livingstone and tracked him down How- People were concerned so he went to find him and he helped with going through Africa

King Leopold II

Who- King who wanted to have people explore Africa and claim territories What- hired Stanley to explore the Congo River basin and arrange trade treaties with African leaders Told outsiders that his goal was to civilize Africans but really exploiting them for profit $$$$ When- after 1869 Where- Belgium Why- Wanted Belgium to be involved so he found people that were wanting to work for it How- Gave enough reasons and offered enough help that people were willing to work for him

Mahdi

Who- Muhammad Ahmad What- announced that he was the Mahdi the long awaited savior of the faith When-1700s-1800s Where- Sudan Why- the Mahdi and his followers fiercely resisted British expansion into the region How- He wanted to form the followers and built them up to be strong and determined to do things

Usman dan Fodio

Who- Scholar and preacher What- denounced the corruption of the local Hausa rulers When- around the early 1800s Where- Africa (western) Why- called for social and religious reforms based on the sharia or Islamic (Muslim) law How- Usman inspired Fulani herders and Hausa townspeople ego rise up against their European rulers

Social Darwinism

Who- formed by Charles Darwin Devalues humans What- formed a group showing that it was okay to treat others with different color skin poorly and not give them respect—Racism "Survival of the fittest between nations" When- imperialism time Where- Europe Why- He put his ideas to the test and many Westerners liked the idea and embraced it. How- As a result millions of non-Westerners were robbed of their cultural heritage

Ram Mohun Roy

Who- great scholar What- combined both views he knew Sanskrit, Persian, and Arabic classics as well as English, Greek, and latin works When- early 1800s Where- India Why- he felt that india could learn from the west How- He was a founder of the Hindu college in Calcutta which provided an English-style education to Indians

Samori Toure

Who- man who would fight the French forces disciplined army What- fought for his homeland where he was building his own empire Fought of the French Well known leaders unify forces. Resistance movements When- late 1800 early 1900 Where- Africa—West Algeria Why- he wasn't going to give in he wanted to rule his empire that he was creating How- He stood up for what he believed in and he didn't want to cause lots of conflicts

Yaa Asantewaa

Who- queen that was put in command after the king was exiled What- she led the fight against the British in the last Asante war When- After the king was exiled Where- Africa Why- She wanted to prove the men and some woman who had doubts in her How- She stepped right in and continued to succeed for her country

Menelik II

Who- reforming ruler What- began to modernize his country roads school systems and bridges weapons When- late 1800s Where- Europe Ethiopia-remained independent Why- he hired european experts to plan modern roads and bridges and set up a Western school system How- He imported the latest weapons and European officers to help train his army so he was trying to be better and bet others out.

Shaka

Who- ruthless and brilliant leader What- the Zulus emerged as a major fore in Africa under this leader Boer- decedents of the Dutch(Boers) + Zulu Boers war with british——>British control South Africa When- early 1800s Where- Africa (southern) Why- waged relentless war and conquered many nearby peoples. How- He absorbed their young men and women into Zulu regiments. By encouraging rival groups to forget their differences he cemented a growing pride in the Zulu kingdom- indigenous—native to a region

sphere of influence

area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges —A third form of Western control was the sphere of influence Europeans carved spheres in China and elsewhere to prevent conflict among themselves

genocide

deliberate attempt to destroy an entire religious or ethnic group— the tensions triggered a brutal genocide of the Armenians a Christian people concentrated in the eastern mountains of the empire

imperialism

domination by one country of the political economical or cultural life of another —European imperialism began after the 1800s they(european states) began to win empires in the Americas after 1492 established colonies in South Asia and gained toeholds on the coast of Africa and China and India

purdah

isolation of women in separate quarters — Roy condemned some traditions

pasha

provincial ruler in the Ottoman empire—they increased their power and Economic problems and corruption added to Ottoman decay

viceroy

representative who ruled one of Spain's provinces in the Americas in the Kings name one who governed in India in the name of the British monarch—A british viceroy in India governed in the name of the queen and british officials held the top positions in the civil service and army

concession

special economic rights given to a foreign power— the persian government was persuaded to grant them these rights to protect their interests they sent troops into Persia

deforestation

the destruction of forest land— to make land useable for farmland they chopped down trees

paternalistic

the system of governing a country as a father would a child— missionaries like most Westerners used this as their political view took this view of Africans

protectorate

the use of tariffs and other restrictions to protect a country's home industries against competition —local rulers were left in place but were expected to follow the advice of European advisors on issues such as trade or missionary activity. control other counties.

elite

upper class — during the Age of Imperialism a Western-educated Africans emerged