Chapter 12: Host Defenses I

Which of the following are normal body temperature? (all that apply) -98.6 degrees Celsius -98.6 degrees Fahrenheit -37 degrees Celsius

98.6 degrees Fahrenheit; 37 degrees Celsius

Which of the following host defenses are part of the third line of defense? (all that apply) -B cells -physical barriers -inflammation -T cells

B cells; T cells

Which of the following are main functions of the inflammatory response? (all that apply) -Mobilization and attraction of immune components to the site of infection or trauma. -Stimulation of antiviral protein production in uninfected cells. -Repair of damaged tissues. -Polymerization of the components of membrane attack complexes. -Destroy microbes and block their further invasion.

Mobilization and attraction of immune components to the site of infection or trauma; Repair of damaged tissues; Destroy microbes and block their further invasion

Surface antigens are

a set of macromolecules on the cell surface

Immunology encompasses all of the features of the body's second and third lines of defenses, as well as (all that apply) -allergy -cancer biology -parasitology -virology -pharmacology

allergy; cancer biology

A cells have a unique mix of macromolecules on their surface called ______.

antigens

Short amino acid chains with the ability to kill microbes are called _______ ________.

antimicrobial peptides

Which of the following body sites have particularly high numbers of lymphatic vessels? (all that apply) -kidney -areola of the breast -feet -ear drum -spleen -hands

areola of the breast; feet; hands

The ____ lymph nodes are located in the armpits.

axillary

Hematopoiesis is the process by which all ____ cells are formed in bone marrow.

blood

With respect to inflammation, _____ is Latin for warmth.

calor

______ pyrogens are the product of infectious agents and trigger ______.

exogenous; fever

Vomiting and defecation evacuate noxious substances or microorganisms from the digestive tract and are components of the ___ line of defense.

first

The ____ lymph nodes are located in the groin.

inguinal

What is the purpose of vasodilation?

it increases blood flow to the injured area

Which is an exogenous pyrogen? -lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -interleukin-1 (IL-1) -tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Which fluid moves in and out of tissues, but does not contain red blood cells?

lymph

Bean-shaped organs in clusters situated along lymphatic channels and large blood vessels are ________.

lymph nodes

The spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and GALT are all components of the ______ system.

lymphatic

_____ are the group of leukocytes that include B cells, T cells, and NK cells.

lymphocytes

_______ are group of leukocytes that include B cells, T cells, and NK cells.

lymphocytes

A large, phagocytic white blood cell, derived from a monocyte, that leaves the circulation and has a high capacity for killing microbes is call a(n) ________.

macrophage

the largest phagocytic white blood cell derived from a monocyte which is involved with specific immune reactions is called a tissue ______.

macrophage

PAMPs are found in

many kinds of microbes

The 3 main types of phagocytes are: (all that apply) -neutrophils -macrophages -NK cells -monocytes -eosinophils -basophils

meutrophils; macrophages; monocytes

Circulating phagocytes that mature into macrophages are called ______.

monocytes

Which are agranulocytic white blood cells? -Eosinophils -Monocytes -Basophils -Lymphocytes -Neutrophils

monocytes; lymphocytes

The _____ ______ system is a network of fibers and microphages that permeates the tissues of the body.

mononuclear phagocyte

The flow of fluid such as _____ and _____ carries microbes away from the respiratory system.

mucus; saliva

Which cells are elevated in bacterial infections? -lymphocytes -erythrocytes -neutrophils

neutrophils

_____ are essential leukocytes found in the blood that act as active phagocytes and killers of bacteria.

neutrophils

_______ barriers and chemical barriers are nonspecific host defense mechanisms.

physical

Interferons are small

proteins

A whitish mass of cells, liquified cellular debris, and bacteria is called ______.

pus

_____ is matter formed during inflammation that consists of leukocytes and tissue debris.

pus

Which cell types are produced in the red bone marrow? (all that apply) -thymus cells -red blood cells -heart muscle cells -spleen cells -T-lymphocyte precursors -B-lymphocyte precursors

red blood cells; T-lymphocyte precursors; B-lymphocytes precursors

B-lymphocytes mature in the _______.

red bone marrow.

Select the nonspecific host defenses. (all that apply) -second line -all lines -first line -third line

second line; first line

Cells that are recognized by the immune system as part of the host organism are called

self

Human _______ is an external, continuous protective barrier that is highly impervious and waterproof.

skin

Which of the following is a first line of defense? -phagocytosis -antibodies -inflammation -complement -skin

skin

Granulocytes differ from agranulocytes by

staining pattern in microscopy

What are the three activities of phagocytes? -transport material for disposal to the kidneys -survey tissue to discover microbes and other material for disposal -ingest and destroy cellular materials for disposal -secrete antibodies to target foreign matter -aid in T cell maturation -extract antigens from foreign matter

survey tissue to discover microbes and other material for disposal; ingest and destroy cellular materials for disposal; extract antigens from foreign matter

Cells from the _____ develop specificity and are released into circulation as mature T cells.

thymus

Inflammation may be triggered by the immune response or by _____ due to tissue infection or tissue injury.

trauma

Which is Latin for swelling during inflammation? -Dolor -Tumor -Calor -Rubor

tumor

Which of the following is NOT exogenous pyrogens? (all that apply) -tumor necrosis factor (TNF) -histamine -interferon -lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -interleukin-1 (IL-1)

tumor necrosis factor (TNF); histamine; interferon; interleukin-1 (IL-1)

The flow of _____ flushes the urethra.

urine

______ is a term for the widening of blood vessels that increase blood flow to an injured area.

vasodilation

Which is NOT a second line host defense mechanism? -inflammation -vomiting -Phagocytosis -fever

vomiting

Leukocytes are _____ blood cells.

white

The liquid connective tissue consisting of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets suspended in plasma is called _____ ______.

whole blood

How does lymphatic fluid differ from blood? -transports leukocytes -composed mainly of water -does not contain red blood cells

does not contain red blood cells

The Latin term ____ represents a symptom of inflammation that is caused by stimulation of nerve endings.

dolor

Which is Latin for pain during inflammation? -Dolor -Tumor -Calor -Rubor

dolor

Hair, cilia, and skin are physical barriers that block portals of _____ to prevent pathogens from invading the body.

entry

The granulocytic leukocytes are composed of three general types, the ______, the ______, and the _______.

eosinophils; basophils; neutrophils

Which are granulocytic white blood cells? (all that apply) -Eosinophils -Monocytes -Basophils -Lymphocytes -Neutrophils

eosinophils; basophils; neutrophils

The ____ lymph nodes are located in the neck.

cervical

the tendency of cells to migrate in response to a specific chemical stimulus given off at a site of injury or infection is called _______.

chemotaxis

List the correct order of events in phagocytosis. -ingestion -destruction -chemotaxis -excretion

chemotaxis; ingestion; destruction; excretion

Platelets function in which of the following? (all that apply) -complement -phagocytosis -clotting -inflammation

clotting; inflammation

A(n) _____ is a chemical substance produced by white blood cells and tissue cells that regulates development, inflammation, and immunity.

cytokine

Antimicrobial peptides called ____ insert into pathogen cell membranes and can aggregate to form a pore in the membrane.

defensins