Chapter 12

A collection of consistent traits that helps predict how someone will react to various situations is referred to as ____. Freud hypothesized that personality was a combination of the ____, or our inaccessible wants and desires, and our ____ thought.

personality unconscious conscious

Identify the true and false statements about the five-factor model.

True Statement(s) There are multiple assessment tools that use the five-factor model. Personality traits can be linked to real-world patterns of behavior. The Big Five is the most widely used model for understanding general personality traits. False Statement(s) People typically show low scores on all five of the five-factor traits, or high scores on all five of the five-factor traits.

Which of the following statements are ways in which our genetics have an effect on our personalities?

Correct Answer(s) A person's behaviors and attitudes are shaped in part by genetics. Multiple genes interact with our environment to produce our personalities. Incorrect Answer(s) All the genes that we have inherited from our parents are expressed in our personalities. For each specific behavior there is a specific gene that determines it.

Identify the phrases as describing or not describing personality.

Describes Personality consistent ways of thinking. patterns of behavior. predictable reactions to a given situation Does Not Describe Personality the way a person is acting in a given moment.

Match each Big Five trait to how it changes throughout the lifespan.

Increases, agreeableness conscientiousness stays the same, open-mindedness decreases, neuroticism

Professor Carmello surveys his introduction to psychology class about what grade they think they will get in the class. Nearly 70 percent of the class says they will get grades higher than the mean of the class. Which self-serving bias does this situation exemplify?

above-average effect

Match each definition to the correct term.

functional equivalence, when two different situations result in the same response from a single person factor analysis, a scientific method used to group similar variables based on how correlated they are lexical hypothesis, the idea that the traits that help us to differentiate between people's personalities will be naturally present in language

Match each theorist to the major tenet of his personality theory.

locus of control, Julian Rotter trait, Raymond Cattell unconditional positive regard, Carl Rogers psychodynamic, Sigmund Freud

Match each definition to the correct term.

locus of control, a person's perception of whether internal or external factors are most responsible for their outcomes self-efficacy, the belief that you can do what is needed to achieve a desired result outcome efficacy, the belief that if you can do what is needed, you can achieve the desired result

Match each term to what it represents about the self.

one's sense of self in a specific context, working self-concept everything one knows and believes about one's self, self-concept one's evaluation of oneself, self-esteem

Alameen does not like to get bored and often looks for new and different activities to do. He can often be found in a gallery or working on a puzzle. When new opportunities come around, Alameen is the first to volunteer. Which personality trait would you say Alameen scores high on?

open-mindedness

Alois knows that he has been drinking too much lately. His drinking is beginning to interfere with his classwork and other responsibilities. One night his roommate Shane comes home after a night at the bar and leaves the fridge open, spoiling some of their food. Alois accuses Shane of being an alcoholic and says that he needs to get help immediately. Which defense mechanism is Alois using?

projection

Match each description to the correct defense mechanism.

repression, The ego prevents certain feelings or memories from becoming conscious. displacement, The ego targets aggression on someone who cannot easily defend against it. denial, The ego pretends that a painful event or reality never occurred or existed in the first place. projection, The ego sees one's own unlikable trait in someone else.

When Chaewon helped find a friend's lost dog, he asserted it was because he is an expert in how dogs think. However, when he could not get his own dog to obey him later that day, he claimed it was because the dog was tired. Which self-serving bias does this situation exemplify?

self-serving attribution

Match each description to the correct Freudian concept.

superego, internalized concept of right and wrong ego, conscious force that moderates unconscious desires with reality id, unconscious drives and desires

Place the events that led to our current understanding of personality traits in the order in which they happened, from first to last.

Allport and Odbert noted nearly 18,000 terms that could be used to describe people. Cattell created a list of 35 different trait words. Several different groups of researchers found that the same five traits did the best job of explaining personality. The five-factor model of personality was established.

Match each example to the correct trait categorization, according to Gordon Allport.

cardinal, Daisy is always curious. She constantly asks questions about everything, regardless of the situation. central, Timon's friends say that he is usually quiet and thoughtful. secondary, If you catch Cleveland when he is very busy at work, he can be quite rude.

Match each part of the brain to the personality trait it has been linked to.

conscientiousness, middle frontal gyrus dorsolateral prefrontal cortex agreeableness, cingulate cortex fusiform gyrus neuroticism, posterior hippocampus midcingulate gyrus

Identify each example as belonging to either the BIS system or the BAS system.

BAS laying down for a nap. going out to get lunch. BIS procrastinating studying. running from the rain.

Identify the following qualities as tending to belong to either collectivist or individualist societies.

Collectivist interdependent self-construal, obedience to authority conformity to social norms appreciation of connections to family and social groups Individualist independent self-construal, self-expression, appreciation of rights and freedoms, appreciation of diversity,

Which of the following statements are contemporary criticisms of Freud's theories?

Correct Answer(s) Freud's theory is not scientifically testable. Freud did not use empirical techniques to make his conclusions. Incorrect Answer(s) There is no evidence for what Freud called "defense mechanisms.".

Identify each statement as either a critique or a defense of the trait approach.

Critique(s) of Trait Approach Correlations between traits and behavior are modestly sized Personality traits are created or magnified by the person perceiving behavior. Defense(s) of Trait Approach Although situations can influence our actions, personality traits predict behaviors just as well as situations do. There is biological evidence to support the existence of personality traits.

Dana is out shopping with friends. She uses her credit card to buy a new sweater even though she knows her account is overdrawn and has no money. Which defense mechanism is Dana using?

Denial

Identify the true and false statements about defense mechanisms.

True Statement(s) A defense mechanism is one way the ego copes with conflict between the id and the superego. The use of defense mechanisms is mostly unconscious. False Statement(s) Sigmund Freud was responsible for developing the idea of defense mechanisms. A "Freudian slip" is an example of a defense mechanism.

Charlotte finds puzzles endlessly interesting. She can work on them undisturbed for hours without noticing the time pass. When she is doing a puzzle she feels engaged but not stressed. What is Charlotte experiencing?

Flow

Which of the following concepts are among Freud's lasting contributions to psychology?

Lasting Contribution(s) The mind can affect the body. Talking can help alleviate distress. We have unconscious thoughts. Not Lasting Contribution(s) Childhood events are the primary influence on people's current stress levels. The superego has an influence on behavior.

____ is a(n) ____ theory that states that males and females have developed certain distinct personality traits because they have different goals for mating and reproduction. Proponents of this theory point out that males tend to have higher levels of ____, a hormone associated with dominance and status-seeking, and females tend to have higher levels of ____, a hormone associated with caregiving and trust. Not all psychologists support this theory, however; another perspective is ____, which points out ____ influences on gender identity. Proponents of this theory point out that the differences between men and women are relatively ____, but the roles men and women are encouraged to play in society can sometimes amplify those differences.

Sexual selection evolutionary testosterone oxytocin social role theory cultural small

Which result did Bandura's famous Bobo doll experiment find?

The children mimicked the aggressive behavior modeled by the adult, but only when the model was not punished.

Identify the true and false statements about self-esteem and culture.

True Statement(s) Independence can be viewed negatively in some cultures. Self-esteem is positively correlated with life satisfaction regardless of culture. False Statement(s) People's self-concepts are fairly consistent across most cultures.

Identify the true and false statements about our perceptions of ourselves and others.

True Statement(s) Social comparison occurs when we look at another person's situation and measure it against our own. People emphasize different aspects of themselves depending on the situation. Self-perception occurs when we evaluate ourselves by observing our own behavior. False Statement(s) Through reflected appraisal, we determine another's personality based on our interactions with them.

Match each definition to the correct term.

gender expression, how one's personality, looks, or behaviors indicate gender to others cisgender, identifying with the same gender as one's biological sex gender identity, the identity of male, female, or nonbinary that we relate to psychologically transgender, identifying with a different gender than one's biological sex sex, biological traits we are born with that make us male, female, or intersex

Which of the following statements are significant limitations of the conclusions we can draw about personality from behavioral genetics?

Limitation(s) Heritability cannot predict the traits of individuals. Research on heritability relies on the assumption that identical and fraternal twins experience no other environmental differences. Not Limitation(s) Most heritability studies do not consider typical biological siblings. Research on heritability relies on the assumption that identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins.

Brandon loves to explore and learn about new places on solo trips, though sometimes this process can cause him to worry and can trigger his mood to fluctuate. This is partially because he can be disorganized and misplace his travel documents or lose his items. Which state is Brandon most likely to be from?

Pennsylvania

Identify the true and false statements about the five-factor model.

True Statement(s) Starting and staying at a new job can lead to personality change over time. False Statement(s) Someone who is not at all conscientious when young will become extremely conscientious later on in life. Extraversion universally increases over time.

Identify the true and false statements about genetics and personality.

True Statement(s) To calculate heritability, researchers compare fraternal and identical twins. Nearly all personality traits show similar levels of heritability. False Statement(s) Personality traits are more heritable in males than females. Personality traits are almost entirely influenced by genetics.

In order to understand personality, scientists compare the patterns of personality traits in people who are related; this is known as ___ genetics. Often, scientists will compare the personalities of ___, or identical, twins to those of ____, or fraternal, twins. Comparing these results can help researchers understand the heritability of different personality traits.

behavioral monozygotic dizygotic

Having an ____ locus of control, or a belief that negative situations are beyond your power, has been shown to be associated with ____, which occurs when someone believes there is nothing they can do about a situation. Even when they truly are powerless to change an outcome, people often believe they have control over it anyway, as it is more comforting than ____, which is the awareness of the sad truth of our own deficiencies.

external learned helplessness depressive realism

Match each characteristic to the personality trait to which it belongs.

extraversion, sociability assertiveness agreeableness, trust compassion neuroticism, anxious volatile conscientiousness, organization responsibility open-mindedness, creativity curiosity

The ____ perspective on personality focuses on ____, or the process of fulfilling one's true potential. This thought process has led to modern perspectives such as ____, which describes relatedness, competence, and autonomy as fundamental human needs.

humanist self-actualization self-determination theory

Match each part of the PERSON model to the correct definition.

shared societal biases about certain groups of people based on demographics or physical features, stereotypes our unique personal biases about certain types of people, residual random inaccuracies in our judgment, error shared societal beliefs about certain types of behaviors, norms the actual characteristics of the person, personality our unique personal biases about certain behaviors, opinion

Match each example to the part of self-determination theory it represents.

competence, Getting first in an academic quiz competition. Scoring a goal in a soccer game. autonomy, Creating a piece of art entirely from your imagination. Opening the business you've always dreamed of. relatedness, Visiting family for the holidays. Staying in touch with friends online.

The theory Walter Mischel introduced in the field of personality psychology, called the ____ approach, proposed that behaviors are determined mostly by ____. Until that point, psychologists in his field had believed that ____ were responsible for a person's behavior.

social-cognitive situations traits

According to the heritability equation (rMZ — rDZ) × 2 = h, if we suppose that agreeableness has a monozygotic correlation of rMZ = .58 and a dizygotic correlation of rDZ = .22, what would the heritability, or the percentage of variance that is due to genetic similarity, for agreeableness be?

.72

Identify the theories as belonging to either Freud's perspective or Allport's perspective.

Freud's Perspective Personality is a lens through which we view our world. A person's behavior—or even one single action—can tell us about their unconscious, illicit desires. Allport's Perspective A person's behavior is due to a collection of different characteristics. Our traits lead us to act in similar ways across seemingly different situations.

Identify the true and false statements about biology and personality.

True Statement(s) Neuroticism has been linked to irregular amounts of serotonin in the brain. Extraversion may be linked to sensitivity in dopamine activation. False Statement(s) Neurological influences explain a large amount of the factors associated with personality.

Identify the true and false statements about perceiving personality.

True Statement(s) We can make fairly accurate assessments of others' personalities fairly quickly. There are other ways to understand someone's personality besides talking to them. False Statement(s) The PERSON model is a model of personality traits based on the Big Five.

Xavier's working self-concept varies from situation to situation and can change depending on the group to which he is comparing himself in a given moment. Illustrate this by matching each of Xavier's self-descriptions to the group setting in which it would come into play.

Xavier is visiting his friends in Connecticut., -"I'm a proud Texan." Xavier is on a backpacking trip with his outdoorsy friends. -"I'm used to seeing nature from behind a steering wheel." Xavier is having dinner with his conservative family. -"I'm a liberal on political issues." Xavier is in a hospital waiting room in which everyone else is a woman. -"I'm male." Xavier is making his way past a line of people rallying against immigration. -"I'm a Mexican immigrant in the United States."

Out of the Big Five traits, ____ were shown to appear in other countries when people from those countries took the Big Five inventory in their own language. For example, studies conducted in ____ suggest that in that country's cultural environment, ____ is much more important than it is in Western cultures. However, critics point out that studies have indicated that openness to experience is least defined and does not consistently appear in other cultures.

all five China interpersonal relatedness

In order to study personality in an empirical way, scientists create various ____ tools to quantify personality. For example, some of these tools are ____ measures, which rely on the assumption that people can describe their own personalities accurately. Other tools, called ____, are based on the perceptions that participants' families and friends report.

assessment self-report informant reports

Allport believed that personality traits fell into three different categories. He defined a ____ trait as a dominant quality that a person exudes in every situation. ____ traits are the general characteristics that we would typically use to describe someone else. ____ traits are those that a person displays only in certain situations or contexts.

cardinal Central Secondary