Chapter 12 Psych
10. Which of the following best defines the Asch effect? A. influence of one person on a large group B. influence of one person on the creation of a group goal C. influence of the group majority on an individual's judgment D. influence of the group minority on individual judgment
C. influence of the group majority on an individual's judgment
44. What is a major problem with the original Milgram study? A. Milgram falsified his results, making his study unreliable. B. Milgram lied to his respondents, making his study borderline unethical. C. Milgram never published his finding, making his reported results questionable. D. Milgram was too truthful with his subjects, making his study invalid.
B. Milgram lied to his respondents, making his study borderline unethical.
38. Which statement about Sternberg's triangular theory of love is most accurate? A. There are five types of love that can be described from the three components of love. B. There are three components of love: intimacy, passion, and commitment. C. There are three components of love: romance, fatuous, and infatuation. D. There are three types of love that can be described from the three components of love.
B. There are three components of love: intimacy, passion, and commitment.
96. Tom believes he is unable to stop gambling because his friends all gamble and are a bad influence; however, he believes that Barnaby is unable to stop gambling because Barnaby is addicted to gambling. This is an example of ________. A. actor bias B. actor-observer bias C. cognitive dissonance D. dissonant cognition
B. actor-observer bias
89. Which of the following is a best example of central route persuasion? A. anti-smoking advertisements that rely on celebrity spokespeople advocating for reduction in cigarette use B. anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year C. encouraging your parents to quit smoking by switching to chewing tobacco, then convincing them to chew less tobacco each week D. supporting your sister who has decided to go cold turkey in order to quit smoking
B. anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year
93. Don knows that drinking too much liquor is a costly habit that is bad for his health, but he continues to drink large amounts of liquor. He also thinks he is a smart person that makes good choices. Don feels some psychological discomfort from this contradiction, which is also called ________. A. aggressive discord B. cognitive dissonance C. perceptive deception D. peripheral dissension
B. cognitive dissonance
48. The tendency to adjust one's behavior to actual or perceived social pressures is called A. obedience B. conformity C. groupthink D. prejudice
B. conformity
73. Mona works at a bank. When Luis, a Colombian man, arrives to drop off his paycheck she pretends to be busy and directs him to another teller. She does this whenever a non-White person wants assistance. This is an example of ________. A. aggression B. discrimination C. prejudice D. stereotype
B. discrimination
22. Which type of persuasion involves encouraging a person to agree to a small favor or to buy a small item, only to later request a larger favor or purchase of a larger item? A. central cognitive B. foot-in-the-door C. head-in-the-sand D. peripheral route
B. foot-in-the-door
14. What is modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus? A. group patterns B. groupthink C. inter-group bias D. pattern bias
B. groupthink
47. Based on the discussion in your text, which of the following strategies would effectively reduce prejudice between groups? A. assigning one group to supervise the other group in completing an assigned task B. having groups meet under equal terms and cooperate on a task C. having highly educated members of one group teach the children of the other group D. keeping intergroup contact to a minimum
B. having groups meet under equal terms and cooperate on a task
79. Jasmin belongs to the chess club on her campus. She prefers to associate with other members of the chess club while avoiding people that do not belong to this group. Jasmin has a(n) ________ bias. A. confirmation B. in-group C. out-group D. scapegoating
B. in-group
26. Which type of social influence involves conformity to a group norm prompted by the belief that the group is competent and has the correct information? A. cognitive B. informational C. normative D. rational
B. informational
97. Which of the following is a best example of actor-observer bias? A. Zhang believes he is unable to stop gambling because he has an addictive personality, yet Tim is unable to stop gambling because he is addicted to gambling. B. Zhang believes gambling is bad, but he continues to gamble anyway. C. Zhang believes he is unable to stop gambling because his friends all gamble and are a bad influence, yet Tim is unable to stop gambling because he is addicted to gambling. D. Zhang avoids gambling, but he observes Barnaby gambling and tries to stop him.
C. Zhang believes he is unable to stop gambling because his friends all gamble and are a bad influence, yet Tim is unable to stop gambling because he is addicted to gambling.
11. What is the just-world hypothesis? A. a belief common in the United States that rejects the idea that people get the outcomes they deserve. B. a belief common in the United States that we will be rewarded in the afterlife. C. an ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve. D. an ideology common in the United States that the rich are bad people who will eventually be punished.
C. an ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve.
100. Stereotyping and prejudice ______. A. are identical. B. should be tolerated. C. are related concepts, but are different. D. have the same social psychological dynamics.
C. are related concepts, but are different.
99. Discrimination and prejudice ______. A. are identical. B. should be tolerated. C. are related concepts, but are different. D. have the same social psychological dynamics.
C. are related concepts, but are different.
83. The Milgram experiment required the participation of a(n) ________ to play the part of the person being shocked because the experiment would be invalidated if the participant realized the electric shock treatment was faked. A. ally B. associate C. confederate D. union
C. confederate
88. Groupthink is group decision-making on the basis of reaching a(an) _______ within the group rather than a critical evaluation of the issues which sometimes can lead to wrong decisions when groups fail to objectively weigh the facts at hand. A. conclusion B. impasse C. consensus
C. consensus
6. Cognitive dissonance may be reduced by changing one's behavior to be _____with one's attitudes or beliefs; changing one's attitudes or beliefs to fit one's _____, attempting to _____ any inconsistency between behaviors and attitudes or beliefs, or simply _____any discrepancies. A. consistent, attitudes, modify, clarify B. inconsistent, behavior, rationalize, clarify C. consistent, behavior, rationalize, ignore D. inconsistent, attitudes, modify, clarify
C. consistent, behavior, rationalize, ignore
64. Suppose you are walking down a street. A woman has fallen down, but because there are so many people around it does not occur to you that you should help. You just assume someone else is about to help her and keep walking. This is best an example of ________. A. aggression B. cognitive dissonance C. diffusion of responsibility D. prosocial behavior
C. diffusion of responsibility
56. Mark and Rosa commit to support each other, but they have no real physical passion and do not share their thoughts and feelings. Their love is best called ________. A. companionate B. consummate C. empty D. romantic
C. empty
58. Roger and Joan have passion in their relationship, and they agree they will support each other. But when it comes to sharing their thoughts, they lack intimacy. Their love is best called ___. A. consummate B. empty C. fatuous D. infatuation
C. fatuous
90. Which of the following is a best example of the foot-in-the-door technique of persuasion? A. anti-smoking advertisements that rely on celebrity spokespeople advocating for reduction in cigarette use B. anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year C. getting your parents to agree to cut their smoking down by a few cigarettes, then asking them to quit altogether D. supporting your sister who has decided to go cold turkey in order to quit smoking
C. getting your parents to agree to cut their smoking down by a few cigarettes, then asking them to quit altogether
7. Social psychology is a field that studies both interpersonal and intrapersonal behavior. Which of the following best exemplifies an example of interpersonal behavior? A. attitudes B. emotions C. group processes D. social cognition
C. group processes
85. If people view the Environmental Protection Agency as competent and believe they know correct information regarding what individuals should do to protect the environment, then they possess ________ social influence when it comes to enforcing a group norm of recycling. A. collective B. confirmation C. informational
C. informational
9. What is groupthink? A. arguments between group members that result in the dissolution of the group B. modification of the opinions of leadership to agree with the numerical minority C. modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus D. pressure from above on group members designed to eliminate leadership
C. modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus
59. Heather and Mark share the household chores as equally as possible. They take turns with the cooking and driving their son to daycare. Both of them work outside the home, and each of them takes responsibility for child care one night a week to give the other one a break. We can say that their relationship has ________. A. altruism B. groupthink C. reciprocity D. social exchange
C. reciprocity
46. Which of the following strategies would effectively prevent groupthink from occurring? A. avoiding the development of any contingency plans B. having the group leader make his position known before discussion begins C. seeking outside opinions on group decisions D. voting publicly in front of group members
C. seeking outside opinions on group decisions
95. Penny gets an acting job on Friday that she attributes to her good acting. She doesn't get the next acting job; therefore, she blames the casting director for not wanting to hire a woman. This best is an example of ________. A. racism B. self-fulfilling prophecy C. self-serving bias D. social loafing
C. self-serving bias
5. Kara gets an F on her social psychology exam. Then she goes home and gets into an argument with her roommate, Lee. Lee assumes Kara is yelling at him because she likes to bully him, not because she had a bad day. Lee is making a ________. A. central attitude shift B. central attribution error C. fundamental attitude shift D. fundamental attribution error
D. fundamental attribution error
69. Nicole wants a cookie. Heather has a cookie. Nicole pushes Heather and takes her cookie. Nicole doesn't intend to hurt Heather, Nicole just wants the cookie. This is an example of __. A. fatuous aggression B. frustration aggression C. hostile aggression D. instrumental aggression
D. instrumental aggression
55. Diane and Bruce share their intimate thoughts and emotions and are physically attracted to each other, but their love does not contain any expectations beyond that. Their love is best called ________. A. companionate B. empty C. liking D. romantic
D. romantic
60. A held expectation that alters one's behavior in ways that tend to make it true is called ____. A. in-group bias. B. out-group bias. C. prejudice. D. self-fulfilling prophecy.
D. self-fulfilling prophecy.
8. Following an outcome, ________ are those attributions that enable us to see ourselves in favorable light. A. egocentric bias B. fundamental bias C. interpersonal bias D. self-serving bias
D. self-serving bias
3. Anna thinks that Bill is rude to her because she had to seat him in a noisy, crowded area of the restaurant. Anna takes a ________ view of Bill. A. influist B. conditionist C. sexist D. situationist
D. situationist
51. David attempts to minimize the costs of his relationship with Daniel while maximizing benefits. He enjoys Daniel's company, but he tries to avoid helping him move. This is an example of the ________ theory. A. cognitive balance B. group effect C. individual exchange D. social exchange
D. social exchange
63. Travis is part of a group playing tug-of-war. He knows that his team is stronger, so he doesn't try as hard as he could. Travis is engaged in ________. A. aggression B. altruism C. diffusion of responsibility D. social loafing
D. social loafing
84. The tendency for people to reduce their efforts when working as part of a group is called ___________. A. social inhibition. B. social facilitation. C. social intervention. D. social loafing.
D. social loafing.
25. Who was Stanley Milgram? A. social psychology professor at Yale who designed a mock prison to test the power of social roles B. social psychology professor at Yale who designed an experiment to test what would happen to the lone dissenter in a group C. social psychology professor at Yale who tested the hypothesis that brainstorming was less productive than the individual creative process D. social psychology professor at Yale who wanted to test the defense of "I was just following orders" typically used by accused Nazis
D. social psychology professor at Yale who wanted to test the defense of "I was just following orders" typically used by accused Nazis
16. What is a social role? A. group's expectations regarding what is appropriate and acceptable for the thoughts and behavior of its members B. group's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting C. person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting D. socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group
D. socially defined pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group
70. Joan generalizes that all men are irresponsible players, cheaters, and liars. When it comes to men, Joan may be applying ________ (negative beliefs about individuals based solely on their membership in a group). A. cognitive dissonance B. diffusion of responsibility C. social exchange D. stereotypes
D. stereotypes
57. Rhona and Jerome share each other's thoughts and feelings and are prepared to support each other, but they do not feel physical attraction. Their love is best called ________. A. companionate B. consummate C. fatuous D. romantic
A. companionate
12. Asch is to _______ as Milgram is to ______. A. conformity; obedience B. compliance; obedience C. conformity; bystander intervention D. obedience; bystander intervention E. obedience; compliance
A. conformity; obedience
19. The ________ hypothesis is the ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve. A. dogma B. just-deserts C. just-world D. karma
C. just-world
20. The ________ effect focuses on the influence of the group majority on an individual's judgment. A. Asch B. conformity C. Dollard D. social psychology
A. Asch
27. ________ is the strengthening of an original group attitude after the discussion of views within a group. A. cognitive dissonance B. group polarization C. the Asch effect D. the Milgram influence
B. group polarization
76. People should ______discriminate against others on the basis of skin color. A. always B. never C. sometimes D. under extreme conditions
B. never
77. If a person says that actors make effective spokespeople for potato chips because they are above average in attractiveness, which approach is that person using to explain attitude change? A. Asch attitude change B. Stanford attitude change C. Yale attitude change D. Zimbardo attitude change
C. Yale attitude change
87. Which of the following least describes an element impacting persuasion? A. credibility B. attractiveness C. timing D. political preference
D. political preference
52. When it comes to relationships, we expect to share thoughts, feelings, and ideas in a mutual exchange called ________. A. altruism B. balance C. intimacy D. reciprocity
D. reciprocity
74. Sheila believes that people with blue eyes are somehow more creative than other people. Whenever Sheila encounters a person that has blue eyes and is creative, she places greater importance on this evidence supporting her already existing belief. At the same time, Sheila ignores any evidence that people without blue eyes might display exceptional creativity. This is called a ________. A. confirmation bias B. confirmation preconception C. confirmation preference
A. confirmation bias
54. A main point of the Milgram experiment was to show _______. A. normal people can behave poorly if not personally accountable. [Text pp. 424-425] B. people are cruel when they can shock other people. C. war crimes should never be punished because just follow orders. D. people have low-limits for how they can behave poorly.
A. normal people can behave poorly if not personally accountable. [Text pp. 424-425]
15. Who conducted the Stanford prison experiment? A. Asch B. Milgram C. Rosenthal D. Zimbardo
D. Zimbardo
45. What was the major flaw in the Stanford prison experiment? A. The respondents wanted to leave, but Zimbardo would not let them. B. The students were not randomly assigned. C. The study went on too long. D. Zimbardo did not use a control group.
D. Zimbardo did not use a control group.
18. Compared to people of higher intelligence, people of lower intelligence are generally A. incapable of processing persuasive messages B. very difficult to persuade C. just as easy to persuade D. easier to persuade
D. easier to persuade
75. Billy is a(n) ________ because he believes people over age 65 should have their driver's license suspended, the elderly use up too many important social resources, and they occupy jobs that should belong to younger and more capable people. A. ageist B. heterosexist C. racist D. sexist
A. ageist
91. Which of the following is a best example of peripheral route persuasion? A. anti-smoking advertisements that rely on celebrity spokespeople advocating for reduction in cigarette use B. anti-smoking advertisements that use charts and graphs to show how many people die from smoking-related causes each year C. encouraging your parents to quit smoking by switching to chewing tobacco, then convincing them to chew less tobacco each week D. supporting your sister who has decided to go cold turkey in order to quit smoking
A. anti-smoking advertisements that rely on celebrity spokespeople advocating for reduction in cigarette use
31. What is the main point of the Stanford prison experiment? A. social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior B. students cannot be relied upon to act appropriately C. students cannot be trusted in roles of authority D. Zimbardo was an unethical researcher
A. social roles are powerful determinants of human behavior
67. Janeka does poorly on her psychology final, so she picks on her mother's ability to cook. A frustration aggression theorist might explain this by focusing on ________. A. the way Janeka's frustration with her exam led her to be aggressive toward her mother B. the way Janeka's frustration with her mother led her to do poorly on her exam C. which situational factors led Janeka to do poorly on her exam D. which dispositional factors led Janeka to do poorly on her exam
A. the way Janeka's frustration with her exam led her to be aggressive toward her mother
43. What is the major flaw in the Asch conformity study? A. Asch ignored the importance of a major factor influencing conformity—the presence of another dissenter. B. Asch ignored the importance of a major factor influencing conformity—the size of the group. C. Asch ignored the importance of a major factor influencing conformity—whether the response was public or private. D. Asch ignored the importance of several factors influencing conformity—including race, class, and gender.
D. Asch ignored the importance of several factors influencing conformity—including race, class, and gender.
80. Both prejudice and discrimination are ________. A. morally justified B. appropriate under extreme conditions B. wrong but should be nonetheless tolerated. D. morally wrong.
D. morally wrong.
78. People use a central route of processing information when A. People are analytical B. cognitive dissonance is high C. people are uninterested in the issue D. motivation is low
A. People are analytical
92. Generalizing from research, we can predict that the presence of others will _____ performance on well-learned tasks and _____ performance on novel or challenging tasks. A. decrease; have no effect on B. increase; have no effect on C. decrease; increase D. increase; decrease
D. increase; decrease
82. Henry is juror number four in a murder trial. He believes the accused is guilty, but when the jurors vote it becomes clear he is the only one that thinks this way. Henry votes not guilty along with the other jurors despite what he sees as evidence clearly indicating guilt. This is an example of the ________ effect. A. Asch B. majority C. Milgram D. Zimbardo
A. Asch
37. Which of the following makes it more likely that a child will be bullied? A. Children who are different from others are more likely to be bullied. B. Children who are not easily provoked are more likely to be bullied. C. Children who blend in to a crowd are more likely to be bullied. D. Children who tell adults about bad behavior are more likely to be bullied.
A. Children who are different from others are more likely to be bullied.
68. According to the frustration aggression theory, which of the following is likely to occur when Simon gets frustrated with his toilet training? A. Simon bites his mother B. Simon goes to sleep C. Simon retreats to a corner and mopes D. Simon's mother gets frustrated with Simon
A. Simon bites his mother
72. What do each of the following social psychology principles have most in common? Social loafing, diffusion of responsibility, bystander effect A. bullying B. lack of action C. stereotyping d. aggression
B. lack of action
36. Cognitive dissonance results when A. a person makes the fundamental attribution error B. one's attitudes and behaviors are inconsistent C. stereotypes are confirmed through experience D. attraction is high between two people
B. one's attitudes and behaviors are inconsistent
71. Dale thinks that women never deserve to make money and vows never to hire a woman at his bank. Dale's attitudes and planned course of action are ________. A. racist B. sexist C. typical D. xenophobic
B. sexist
33. What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Asch conducted his prison experiment to demonstrate that social roles have a great deal of influence on individual behavior. A. The word "Asch" should be replaced by "Zimbardo." B. The word "individual" should be replaced by "group." C. The word "prison" should be replaced by "conformity." D. The word "social" should be replaced by "anti-social."
A. The word "Asch" should be replaced by "Zimbardo."
17. A(n) ________ is the evaluation of or feelings toward a person, idea, or object that are typically positive or negative. A. attitude B. cognition C. feeling D. sense
A. attitude
2. Behavior is a product of both the situation and the person. Which of the following best exemplifies situation that might influence behavior? A. being in a crowd of bystanders when you witness someone fainting B. being raised Jewish C. being raised to think that stealing is morally wrong D. hitting someone in the dark
A. being in a crowd of bystanders when you witness someone fainting
98. In persuasive messages, the careful evaluation of the content of a message is accomplished via which route of processing? A. central B. peripheral C. attributional D. dissonant
A. central
23. Which type of persuasion involves logic-driven arguments using data and facts to convince people of an argument's worthiness? A. central route B. cognitive dissonance C. foot-in-the-door D. peripheral route
A. central route
53. Ashley and James share their intimate thoughts and emotions, are physically attracted to each other, and agree to support each other. Their love is called ________. A. consummate B. fatuous C. infatuation
A. consummate
1. The field of social psychology studies topics at the intrapersonal level. These topics include ________. A. emotions and attitudes, the self, and social cognition B. ethnographies, case studies, archives, and statistics C. prejudice and discrimination, helping behavior, aggression, and group processes D. society and social interaction, families, ecology, and religion
A. emotions and attitudes, the self, and social cognition
32. Which statement about social psychology is most accurate? A. People's thoughts are influenced by biology while their feelings and behaviors are influenced by social situations B. People's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by social psychology C. People's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by social situations D. People's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by their biology
C. People's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by social situations
81. Which of the following is a best example of the self-fulfilling prophecy? A. telling blue-eyed people they are unattractive, then feeling bad and complimenting people with blue eyes to avoid feeling guilty B. telling people you hate boy bands, then taking your child to a boy band fan club meeting C. telling someone with dyslexia she cannot learn to read, leading her to become illiterate even though she could learn to read with a bit of extra effort D. telling your spouse you hate his cooking, then taking over the cooking yourself to avoid food poisoning
C. telling someone with dyslexia she cannot learn to read, leading her to become illiterate even though she could learn to read with a bit of extra effort
41. What is the main point of the quizmaster study? A. People will overlook obvious dispositional influences on their behavior. B. People will attack other people by claiming situational influences are making them behave badly. C. People will defend themselves by claiming situational influences changed their behavior. D. People will overlook obvious situational influences on behavior.
D. People will overlook obvious situational influences on behavior.
35. What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Social exchange is people's desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits. A. The phrase "costs outweigh the benefits" should be replaced by the phrase "benefits outweigh the costs." B. The phrase "help others" should be replaced by the phrase "hurt others." C. The phrase "people's desire" should be replaced by the word "motivation." D. The phrase "social exchange" should be replaced by the word "altruism."
D. The phrase "social exchange" should be replaced by the word "altruism."
62. Which of the following best exemplifies prosocial behavior? A. Avery forgets to call his grandmother on Mother's Day. B. Jason is blackmailed by Brianna. C. Mateo's mother provides child support to Mateo's father because of a court order. D. Tyler visits his aunt once a week to bring her groceries.
D. Tyler visits his aunt once a week to bring her groceries.
42. Compared to people from collectivist cultures, people from individualistic cultures are A. less likely to make the fundamental attribution error B. more likely to make situational attributions when explaining the behavior of others C. less likely to show a self-serving bias D. more likely to show a fundamental attribution error
D. more likely to show a fundamental attribution error
86. Suppose you hate reality shows, but you pretend to like them in order to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by your friends, who all love reality television. This is an example of ________ social influence. A. group B. informational C. majority D. normative
D. normative
21. Which type of persuasion involves an indirect route that relies on association of peripheral cues to associate positivity with a message? A. cognitive route B. foot-in-the-door C. head-in-the-sand D. peripheral route
D. peripheral route
39. Which statement about Sternberg's triangular theory of love is most incorrect? A. Different aspects of love are hierarchical. For example, companionate love is much better and longer lasting than consummate love. B. Different aspects of love might be more prevalent at different life stages. C. Healthy relationships will have all three components of love: intimacy, passion, and commitment. D. Seven types of love can be described from the three components of love.
A. Different aspects of love are hierarchical. For example, companionate love is much better and longer lasting than consummate love.
94. Which of the following is the best example of a self-serving bias? A. Leonard attributes earning a good grade in his psychology class to the fact that he is an exceptionally hard-working student who is also incredibly smart. He blames the poor grade he received in his sociology class on having a bad teacher who gave hard exams. B. Leonard gets a bad grade in his psychology class and a good grade in his sociology class, so he believes he should study harder to prepare for his next psychology exam. C. Leonard gets bad grades in sociology and psychology, so he switches his major to biology because he will like it more. D. Leonard gets good grades in sociology and psychology, so he sends his professors a card thanking them for what good professors they are.
A. Leonard attributes earning a good grade in his psychology class to the fact that he is an exceptionally hard-working student who is also incredibly smart. He blames the poor grade he received in his sociology class on having a bad teacher who gave hard exams.
13. As it relates to social psychology, a script is a ________. A. person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting. B. prescription for psychotropic medicine. C. set of instructions to be carried out. D. written record of a person's history.
A. person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting.
4. ________ holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors. A. Collectivism B. Dispositionism C. Moralism D. Situationism
B. Dispositionism
29. Which statement about groupthink is most correct? A. Group members modify their opinion to go against what they believe is the group consensus. B. Group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus. C. Group members will never agree if there is a minority influence present. D. Group members will use brainstorming to discover the solution that most group members agree on.
B. Group members modify their opinions to match what they believe is the group consensus.
40. What is the main point of the textbook discussion of Milgram's obedience study? A. Groups will obey authority to the point of potentially causing serious harm to another person. B. Individuals will obey authority to the point of potentially causing serious harm to another person. C. Milgram was unethical. D. The Milgram study could never be repeated again because too many people know about it.
B. Individuals will obey authority to the point of potentially causing serious harm to another person.
28. Who became famous for electrical-shocking people as part of a psychology experiment? A. Asch B. Milgram C. Phillips D. Zimbardo
B. Milgram
50. Which of the following statements is most incorrect regarding social exchange theory? A. Most people are dissatisfied if their social exchanges create more costs than benefits. B. People are dissatisfied if their social exchanges create more costs than benefits unless the relationship is an example of consummate love. C. People are motivated to maximize the benefits of social exchanges, or relationships, and minimize the costs. D. People prefer to have more benefits than costs or to have nearly equal costs and benefits
B. People are dissatisfied if their social exchanges create more costs than benefits unless the relationship is an example of consummate love.
66. Regarding stereotypes, which of the following statements is least true? A. Stereotype overgeneralizing can lead to prejudice. B. Stereotyping is only related to racial discrimination. C. Stereotypes can include positive or negative attributes. D. Stereotypes influence first impressions.
B. Stereotyping is only related to racial discrimination.
65. The ________ is demonstrated by the attack on Kitty Genovese. A. Asch effect B. bystander effect C. difference between bullying and cyberbullying D. social exchange theory
B. bystander effect
61. Which example best exemplifies homophily? A. Georgia, a young White woman, is a math major. She met John, a Black man, on the way to her class, but he doesn't attend her college. He was dropping his son off at a campus art show. They begin to date. B. John is a delusional man obsessed with a future apocalypse. He has no money, does not go to church, and steals to support himself. Sarah is a waitress living in a small apartment and attending college classes. They begin to date. C. Laura and Vaughn are the same race and attend the same church. They met in their psychology class, a subject they both major in. They begin to date. D. Maude is 80 years old and meets Harold, a 67-year-old, at a funeral. They share common interests, but their religious and class backgrounds are very different. They begin to date.
C. Laura and Vaughn are the same race and attend the same church. They met in their psychology class, a subject they both major in. They begin to date.
34. What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Hostile aggression is motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain. A. The word "aggression" should be changed to the word "attitude." B. The word "goal" should be changed to the word "norm." C. The word "hostile" should be changed to the word "influential." D. The word "hostile" should be changed to the word "instrumental."
D. The word "hostile" should be changed to the word "instrumental."
30. Which of the following is the best definition of obedience? A. the tendency to work harder in the presence of others than when alone B. the tendency to use other people's behavior as a standard for judging the appropriateness of one's own behavior C. granting legitimacy to the orders of people in authority D. compliance with the commands of authority figures
D. compliance with the commands of authority figures
24. Chi-en canvasses for her favorite politicians. She has discovered that asking someone to do a small favor makes it easier to convince that person to do a larger favor that supports her candidate. Which technique of persuasion has Shiloh discovered? A. low-ball B. switch-and-pay C. door-in-the-face D. foot-in-the-door
D. foot-in-the-door
49. Which of the following strategies would effectively reduce racism? A. teaching children to avoid situations that might lead them to witness racism B. teaching children to conform to social expectations that discourage racism in public but ignore racism as long as it is privately expressed C. teaching children to ignore racism until we have eliminated racism from our society D. teaching children to think independently and challenge social norms that promote racism
D. teaching children to think independently and challenge social norms that promote racism
