chapter 12

Children whose parents use which parenting style following a divorce are MOST likely to adjust well to the divorce? A) authoritarian B) authoritative C) permissive D) uninvolved

b

Which situation is the MOST common custody arrangement following divorce? A) custody by mothers B) custody by fathers C) joint physical custody D) custody by another family member

a

Higher-SES parents are more likely than lower-SES parents to view themselves as: A) providers. B) teachers. C) disciplinarians. D) friends.

b

Compared with low-SES parents, higher-SES parents: A) are more punitive. B) are more likely to be authoritarian. C) can spend quality time with their children. D) encourage conformity to a greater degree.

c

The one-child-per-family policy in China served as a _____ for examining the effects of being an only child on children's development. A) laboratory experiment B) structured observation C) natural experiment D) naturalistic observation

c

Which mother is MOST likely to show sensitive behavior toward her new infant? A) Eileen, who is 17 years old B) Ursula, who is 22 years old and has few financial resources C) Hailee, who is 34 years old and has no other children D) Andrea, who is 34 years old and has two older children

c

Which variable has been found to be an important factor in the adjustment of children of lesbian and gay parents? A) whether the homosexual parent is male or female B) whether the child is also gay or lesbian C) the closeness of the parent‒child relationship D) the gender of the child

c

Which form of punishment is NOT considered negative? A) spanking B) love withdrawal C) yelling D) disapproving look

d

A trait that is NOT more common among families experiencing long-term economic stress than among other families is: A) social support. B) marital conflict. C) inconsistent parenting. D) hostile parenting.

a

Compared with children whose parents do not divorce, children of divorce are: A) more likely to experience depression. B) more likely to complete high school. C) less likely to have behavioral problems. D) more socially competent.

a

A negative stimulus that follows a behavior to reduce the likelihood that the behavior will occur again is called: A) discipline. B) punishment. C) internalization. D) externalization.

b

A recent study that examined the associations between adolescents' reports of externalizing and internalizing problems and their parents' parenting style found: A) no association between internalizing problems and parenting style. B) high levels of externalizing problems predicted a decline in authoritative parenting 2 years later. C) a decrease in authoritative parenting predicted high levels of internalizing problems 2 years later. D) that the associations are bidirectional.

b

Authoritarian parents are those who: A) are abusive. B) are highly demanding and unresponsive. C) have little interest in disciplining their children. D) are attentive and consistent in their discipline.

b

Children of which type of parents tend to be the most well-adjusted in terms of competence, antisocial behavior, and self-confidence? A) permissive B) authoritative C) uninvolved D) authoritarian

b

Effective discipline that leads to permanent change in the child's behavior because the child has learned and accepted the desired behavior is referred to as: A) externalization. B) internalization. C) self-oriented induction. D) other-oriented induction.

b

For Chinese American and Chinese children, which parenting practice is related to negative outcomes? A) scolding, shame, and guilt B) physical punishment C) both physical punishment and scolding, shame, and guilt D) neither physical punishment nor scolding, shame, and guilt

b

In defining a parent's parenting style, an important dimension is the degree of: A) socioeconomic health. B) control. C) indirect socialization. D) respect.

b

Parents who are high in warmth and high in control are considered to exhibit which parenting style? A) permissive B) authoritative C) uninvolved D) authoritarian

b

Since 1970, the percentage of children who have grandparents as their primary caregivers has: A) stayed the same. B) doubled. C) tripled. D) declined by half.

b

The FMLA allows parents to take _____ off from work and guarantees that they will not lose their job. A) 6 weeks B) 12 weeks C) 16 weeks D) 6 months

b

The influence that children have on their parents' parenting behaviors because of their appearance is _____. The influence that children have on their parents' parenting behaviors because of their own behavior is _____. A) passive; passive B) passive; active C) active; passive D) active; active

b

The large-scale study of the effects of childcare that was funded by the National Institute of Child Health and Development demonstrated which finding about the effects of amount of childcare on the social behavior of children from working- and middle-class families? A) The amount of childcare was not associated with children's social behavior. B) The risk of children exhibiting problem behaviors increased with more hours in childcare. C) Long hours spent in day care caused aggression and social withdrawal. D) Extensive time in child care was more detrimental to children from very low-income, high-risk families.

b

What percentage of employers pay their employees if they take paternity leave? A) 5% B) 13% C) 24% D) 45%

b

Which guideline is a minimum standard for child-care centers recommended by organizations such as the American Academy of Pediatrics? A) child-to-caregiver ratio of 7:1 for infants B) child-to-caregiver ratio of 7:1 for 3-year-olds C) maximum group size of 14 for infants D) maximum group size of 21 for 3-year-olds

b

Approximately what percentage of mothers with children under the age of 6 was employed outside of the home in 2013? A) 22% B) 36% C) 64% D) 87%

c

Children of which type of parents tend to have disturbed attachment relationships as infants and a wide range of problems in adolescence, including promiscuous sexual behavior, substance abuse, and depression? A) permissive B) authoritative C) uninvolved D) authoritarian

c

Compared with other children, homeless children are: A) more likely to have serious behavior problems but not more likely to be withdrawn. B) more likely to be withdrawn but not more likely to have serious behavior problems. C) more likely to have serious behavior problems and more likely to be withdrawn. D) neither more likely to have serious behavior problems nor more likely to be withdrawn.

c

In the United States in 2016, approximately what percentage of children under 18 years of age lived in poverty? A) 7% B) 11% C) 20% D) 27%

c

Maternal employment appears to: A) have an equally positive effect on boys and girls. B) have an equally negative effect on boys and girls. C) be more likely to be beneficial for girls than for boys. D) be less likely to be beneficial for girls than for boys.

c

Maternal employment is more likely to have negative effects on children when: A) children have adequate supervision. B) mothers begin working when children are one year old. C) mothers are stressed. D) mothers want to work.

c

Remarriage appears to be the MOST difficult for children in what age group? A) younger children B) older children C) younger adolescents D) college-age youth

c

Research has suggested which assertion in regard to the effect of parenting style for Chinese and Chinese American children? A) Parents who demand unquestioning obedience to parents are likely to have rebellious children. B) Authoritative parenting appears to be associated with increased academic success. C) Parental control, including the use of scolding and shame, appears to have few negative effects. D) Research has suggested all of these assertions.

c

The employment status of which mother is LEAST likely to lead to negative outcomes for her children? A) Hildie, who is a stay-at-home mother but wants to work outside of the home B) Rita, who is employed outside of the home but wants to be a stay-at-home mother C) Francene, who wants to be and is employed outside of the home D) Rita's and Francene's situations are equally unlikely to lead to negative outcomes.

c

The use of other-oriented induction can teach children: A) empathy for others. B) social competence. C) both empathy for others and social competence. D) neither empathy for others nor social competence.

c

What would NOT be a way that parents socialize their children? A) direct instruction B) indirect socialization C) heredity D) social management

c

When is parental discipline effective? A) when the child stops engaging in an undesirable misbehavior B) when the child engages in a preferred behavior. C) when the child stops engaging in an undesirable misbehavior and engages in a preferred behavior D) when the child neither stops engaging in an undesirable misbehavior nor engages in a preferred behavior

c

Which action is an example of psychological control? A) threatening to take away privileges B) requiring children to comply with demands without question C) discounting children's feelings D) engaging in reasoning

c

Which benefit is NOT guaranteed by the FMLA? A) Mothers can take 12 weeks off from work. B) Fathers can take 12 weeks off from work. C) Parents will get paid while taking off from work. D) Parents can keep their jobs.

c

Which child is MOST likely to benefit from remarriage by the mother? A) Linda, a 6-year-old girl B) Cathy, an 11-year-old girl C) Todd, a 14-year-old boy D) Frank, an 11-year-old boy

c

Which statement about the effect of child care on parent‒child attachment is TRUE? A) Overall, children in child care tend to be less securely attached than children who are not in child care. B) Overall, children in child care tend to be more securely attached than children who are not in childcare. C) Only when there are other risk factors is extensive childcare associated with less secure attachments. D) In terms of maternal attachment, infants tend to do better in center-based childcare than they do in other types of nonparental care.

c

Which type of sibling pair is LEAST likely to be characterized by rivalry and conflict? A) biological siblings in remarried families B) half-siblings C) biological siblings in intact, nondivorced families D) stepsiblings

c

Approximately what percentage of remarriages involving children in the United States end within 10 years? A) 10% B) 20% C) 30% D) 40%

d

Family dynamics refers to: A) how individual family members relate to the child. B) cultural variability in family structure. C) the changing nature of parent‒child relationships as children develop. D) how the family operates as a whole.

d

In families living in Western industrialized cultures, mothers spend _____ of their available time playing than do fathers, and/but the type of play tends to be _____ to/from that of fathers. A) more; similar B) less; similar C) more; different D) less; different

d

Over the course of a given year in the United States, it is estimated that there are approximately _____ homeless children. A) 250,000 B) 700,000 C) 1 million D) 1.3 million

d

Rex and Paul are both young children who attend high-quality center-based childcare. Rex is from a low-income family and Paul is from a working-class family. What are the likely effects on their behavior if they are in childcare for extensive hours? A) Rex and Paul are both at an increased risk of developing behavior problems. B) Rex and Paul are both at a decreased risk of developing behavior problems. C) Rex is at an increased risk of developing behavior problems, and Paul is at a decreased risk. D) Rex is at a decreased risk of developing behavior problems, and Paul is at an increased risk.

d

The greater frequency of problem behaviors in children of divorced parents would NOT due to: A) an inherited predisposition to poor self-regulation. B) conflict surrounding the divorce. C) transitioning to a new home or school. D) economic stability.

d

The large-scale study of the effects of child care that was funded by the National Institute of Child Health and Development demonstrated that the attachment of children in nonmaternal care was LEAST strongly related to: A) family income. B) maternal sensitivity. C) maternal education. D) the nature of the childcare.

d

The large-scale study of the effects of child care that was funded by the National Institute of Child Health and Development demonstrated which finding about the effects of child care on children's cognitive development? A) Regardless of the quality, childcare tended to have a negative effect on children's cognitive development. B) Regardless of the quality, childcare tended to have a positive effect on children's cognitive development. C) When it was of at least moderate quality, childcare tended to have a positive effect on children's cognitive development. D) When it was of high quality, childcare tended to have a positive effect on children's cognitive development.

d

The large-scale study of the effects of childcare that was funded by the National Institute of Child Health and Development demonstrated that the: A) quality of childcare was a critical predictor of attachment security. B) amount of childcare was a critical predictor of attachment security. C) number of childcare arrangements was a critical predictor of attachment security. D) a number of changes in caregivers in the first 2 years of life predicted lower social competence and more noncompliance with adults at age 2.

d

Which factor is associated with a decreased likelihood of children experiencing negative consequences from their parents' divorce? A) authoritarian parenting B) frequent contact with noncustodial father C) being a young child at the time of divorce D) low parental conflict

d

Which of the following is effective at promoting internalization? A) externalization B) internalization C) self-oriented induction D) other-oriented induction

d

Which statement about older fathers, in comparison to younger fathers, is NOT true? A) They are more likely to be affectionate with their infants. B) They are more likely to provide a moderate amount of child care. C) They are more likely to be cognitively stimulating with their infants. D) They are more likely to have traditional beliefs about the paternal role in parenting.

d

Which statement is NOT true of divorced custodial mothers? A) They generally have increased financial responsibility. B) They often experience isolation from social support. C) They often experience anger or depression. D) They generally receive full child-support payments.

d

About _____% of all children in the United States live with a grandparent. A) 10 B) 15 C) 20 D) 30

a

Eight-year-old Trina does not want to do her homework and would rather watch TV. Her parents think that Trina can make her own decisions about her schoolwork, and thus they do not get involved. They are affectionate with Trina in other situations, but they do little to try to regulate their daughter's behavior. Trina's parents would likely be classified as: A) permissive. B) authoritative. C) uninvolved. D) authoritarian.

a

In a cross-cultural study of parenting style, high levels of warmth and high levels of control were NOT found to occur together in _____ families. A) European American B) African American C) Italian D) Jordanian

a

In her conception of parenting styles, Baumrind does NOT include: A) psychological control. B) setting limits. C) responsiveness to children's emotional needs. D) discipline.

a

On average, do stepmothers or stepfathers appear to have more difficulty with their stepchildren? A) Stepmothers appear to have more difficulty. B) Stepfathers appear to have more difficulty. C) Stepmothers and stepfathers appear to have equal difficulty, with both having a great deal of difficulty. D) Stepmothers and stepfathers appear to have equal difficulty, with neither having a great deal of difficulty.

a

Psychologists have suggested that ethnic differences in parenting styles in the United States may be a result of differences in: A) the motives common in different environments. B) parental skills. C) child behavior. D) socioeconomic factors.

a

Research has demonstrated that which parental practice is associated with less hostility in sibling relationships? A) being are warm and accepting B) treating the siblings differently C) leaning on children in times of marital conflict D) harsh parenting practices

a

The MOST accurate statement about the effects of divorce on children is that divorce has effects on: A) many child outcomes, both in the short and long term. B) many child outcomes in the short term, but few in the long term. C) a few child outcomes in the short term, and many in the long term. D) a few child outcomes in the short term, but none in the long term.

a

The bidirectional nature of hostile parenting behaviors and hostile adolescent behaviors results in: A) an escalation of these behaviors. B) a reduction of influence on each other. C) relationship stability. D) reduced parental harshness.

a

The number of and relationships among the people living in a household is referred to as: A) family structure. B) family dynamics. C) internalization. D) parenting style.

a

The percentage of women who had four or more children: A) dropped from 40% in 1976 to 14% in 2014. B) rose from 11% in 1976 to 22% in 2014. C) rose from 24% in 1976 to 41% in 2014. D) stayed the same.

a

The set of strategies and behaviors parents use to teach children how to behave appropriately is called: A) discipline. B) punishment. C) internalization. D) externalization.

a

Which factor does NOT increase an adolescent's risk of becoming pregnant? A) living with both biological parents B) having an older adolescent sibling who is sexually active C) having a mother who is cold and uninvolved D) having friends who are sexually active

a

Which scenario is an example of a parent serving as social manager in the socialization of generosity? A) Tanya's mother signs her child up for volunteer work at the local hospital after school. B) Frank's dad explains to his child how important it is to give to people who have less than they do. C) Hannah's mom often makes food for a neighborhood mother whose husband is ill. D) Michael's dad tells his children that they need to share their toys when their friends play at their home.

a

Which statement about how parents behave toward infants is TRUE? A) Children who are disobedient, angry, or challenging make it more difficult for parents to use authoritative parenting. B) Children who are compliant and positive in their behavior more it more difficult for parents to use authoritative parenting. C) In resisting the demands of their parents, children may become so whiny that parents increase their assertiveness. D) Parents' use of spanking at age 1 predicts less child aggression at age 3.

a

Which statement about parental conflict following divorce is TRUE? A) Fathers tend to be less involved with their children when there is parental conflict. B) If adolescents feel that they can act as intermediaries between their parents, they tend to feel empowered, and thus are at decreased risk of engaging in problem behaviors. C) Conflict tends to decrease soon after the divorce is finalized. D) When children witness violence between their parents, they are less likely to use violence with their own partners when they are older.

a

Which statement about sibling relationships is TRUE? A) Siblings with parents who get along well tend to get along better with each other than do siblings with parents who fight with one another. B) Siblings in divorced families tend to get along better than those in nondivorced families, as they tend to count on each other for support. C) Perceived differential treatment by parents is typically not problematic in sibling relationships when it is the younger child who receives the better treatment. D) Although children may be annoyed when parents favor their siblings, differential treatment is unlikely to affect sibling relationships.

a

Which statement is NOT true regarding grandparents as primary caregivers? A) Grandparent-headed families tend to be more affluent than households not headed by grandparents. B) Most grandparents have had a long gap since the last time they parented a child. C) Grandparents may have a difficult time maintaining a social support network for the child. D) Children raised by grandparents often experience a range of emotional and behavioral problems.

a

Compared with younger parents, older parents do NOT tend to have: A) less stress. B) more children. C) greater financial resources. D) more positivity in their parenting.

b

How many marriages can expect to end in divorce? A) 25% B) 50% C) 60% D) 75%

b

Imagine that researchers interested in the possible bidirectional influence of children's aggression and parental use of punitive discipline examined these two variables when a group of children was at each of three ages: 4 years old, 8 years old, and 12 years old. Which finding would be the BEST support for the bidirectional influence of these variables? A) Greater punitive discipline at age 4 was associated with greater punitive discipline at age 8, which was associated with greater aggression at age 12. B) Greater aggression at age 4 was associated with greater punitive discipline at age 8, which was associated with greater aggression at age 12. C) Greater aggression at age 4 was associated with greater aggression at age 8, which was associated with greater punitive discipline at age 12. D) Less punitive discipline at age 4 was associated with greater aggression at age 8, which was associated with greater aggression at age 12.

b

In regard to low-income parents and the effect of social support on parenting practices, social support appears to: A) be more beneficial for those who live in the poorest, most dangerous neighborhoods than it is for other low-income parents. B) be less beneficial for those who live in the poorest, most dangerous neighborhoods than it is for other low-income parents. C) have an equally large benefit regardless of the type of neighborhood in which the parents live. D) have nearly no benefit regardless of the type of neighborhood in which the parents live.

b

One current hypothesis about why there are socioeconomic differences in parenting practices is that: A) genetic differences between lower-SES families and higher-SES families enable lower-SES families to cope with difficulties more easily. B) the increased stress that lower-SES parents experience causes them to have less time and energy for complex child-rearing issues than do higher-SES parents. C) higher-SES parents are more concerned about protecting their children from harm than are lower-SES parents. D) the jobs common to higher-SES families require a greater degree of conformity than the jobs common to lower-SES families.

b

The process through which children acquire the values, standards, skills, knowledge, and behaviors that are necessary for their role in their culture is referred to as: A) evolution. B) socialization. C) bioecology. D) family dynamics.

b

Which result is NOT a consequence of divorce on children? A) increased delinquency B) decreased rate of divorce in adulthood C) decreased income in adulthood D) decreased social competence

b

Which statement about children and stepfathers is TRUE? A) Relationships between children and stepfathers tend to be better when there are stepsiblings living with the family as well. B) Children with stepfathers tend to have higher rates of disruptive problem behaviors than do children in intact families. C) Conflict between children and biological fathers is more common than conflict between children and stepfathers. D) Stepfathers rarely contribute to supervision of their stepsons.

b

Which statement about the effect of parents' differential treatment of siblings on the siblings' relationships with each other is TRUE? A) Children rarely detect true differences in parental treatment, and thus it has little effect on their relationships with their siblings. B) Differential treatment is more likely to be a problem in early and middle childhood than in early adolescence, when adolescents can view it as justified. C) Differential treatment is more likely to be a problem in early adolescence than in early and middle childhood, because adolescents' relationships are more emotionally charged than are the relationships of younger children. D) Children can detect differential treatment and it is equally problematic for children of all ages.

b

Which statement about the impact of divorce on children's functioning is TRUE? A) The majority of children whose parents divorce suffer long-term problems as a consequence. B) Although divorce has negative consequences for some children, most children do not suffer long-term problems as a consequence. C) Although there are some short-term consequences, there are almost no long-term consequences of divorce. D) There are no short-term or long-term consequences of divorce.

b

In which group are youth's adjustment and problem behaviors MOST negatively affected by their parents' divorce? A) younger children B) older children C) adolescents D) college-age youth

c

Mateo has limited contact with his noncustodial father, who lives across the country from him. His father is supportive and authoritative when Mateo does have contact with him. Mateo's peer, Ayden, has frequent contact with his own noncustodial father, who is permissive and disruptive. How are Mateo and Ayden likely to fare in terms of their adjustment and school achievement? A) Mateo and Ayden will likely be similarly well adjusted because contact with noncustodial fathers is beneficial for adjustment. B) Ayden will likely be better adjusted than Mateo because the frequency of contact with noncustodial fathers is more important than the quality of the contact. C) Mateo will likely be better adjusted than Ayden because the quality of contact with noncustodial fathers is more important than the frequency of the contact. D) Mateo and Ayden will likely be similarly poorly adjusted because both high quality and high quantity of contact with noncustodial fathers are necessary.

c

Most experts agree that children of divorce are at greater risk for a variety of _____ in comparison to those from continuously intact homes. A) short-term problems B) long-term problems C) both short-term and long-term problems D) neither short-term nor long-term problems

c

Parents who are low in support and low in control are considered to exhibit which parenting style? A) permissive B) authoritative C) uninvolved D) authoritarian

c

Which characteristic of families in the United States is NOT one that increased from the 1970s to the 2000s? A) age at which women had children B) percentage of children born to unwed mothers C) percentage of children living with two married parents D) percentage of mothers of school-aged children who work outside the home

c

Which child is probably LEAST likely to exhibit adjustment problems? A) Charlie, whose parents are married and have high levels of conflict B) Gary, whose parents are divorced and have high levels of conflict C) Christopher, whose parents are divorced and have low levels of conflict D) Charlie and Gary are equally unlikely to exhibit adjustment problems.

c

Which factor INCREASES the level of support between siblings? A) marital conflict B) differential treatment by parents C) parental support D) birth order

c

Which scenario is an example of a parent's indirect socialization of generosity? A) Tanya's mother signs her child up for volunteer work at the local hospital after school. B) Frank's dad explains to his child how important it is to give to people who have less than them. C) Hannah's mom often makes food for a neighborhood mother whose husband is ill. D) Michael's dad tells his children that they need to share their toys when their friends play at their home.

c

Which statement about adolescent parents is TRUE? A) The rate of adolescent pregnancies has increased from the 1960s to 2010. B) The rate of adolescent pregnancies is significantly lower in the United States than in other industrialized countries. C) Being involved in school activities reduces the risk for childbearing during adolescence. D) Getting married greatly improves outcomes for adolescent mothers.

c

Which statement about adolescent parents is TRUE? A) The vast majority of adolescent fathers never see their young children. B) Adolescents whose mothers are authoritative are at an increased risk for pregnancy. C) Adolescent mothers tend to provide low levels of verbal stimulation to their children. D) Adolescents who were born to teenage mothers nearly always experience academic failure and problem behavior.

c

Which statement about cultural differences in the effect of parenting style on child outcome is TRUE? A) Consistent effects of the four parenting styles have been found in all cultures that have been examined. B) The particular effects of permissive and uninvolved parents have been found to differ cross-culturally. C) The meaning of discipline and control can differ cross-culturally, and this difference in meaning can change the effects of the authoritarian style. D) Parenting styles have only been examined in the United States, and thus we have no information about cultural differences in the impact of parenting style.

c

Which variable does NOT influence children's adjustment following divorce? A) parental conflict B) stress of custodial mother C) frequency of contact with noncustodial father D) quality of contact with noncustodial father

c

A factor that does NOT decrease the negative effect of homelessness on children's adjustment is: A) a close relationship with their parents. B) parental involvement in their education. C) temperamental regulation. D) running away as an adolescent.

d

Among industrialized, Western countries, the U.S. rate of child poverty is: A) the lowest. B) number 3. C) number 6. D) the second highest.

d

Authoritative parents are those who: A) are abusive. B) are highly demanding and unresponsive. C) have little interest in disciplining their children. D) are attentive and consistent in their discipline.

d

Children of which type of parents tend to be low in social and academic competence, unhappy and unfriendly, and low in self-confidence, but do not tend to be particularly low in self-control or to be particularly high in impulsivity? A) permissive B) authoritative C) uninvolved D) authoritarian

d

Compared with children of heterosexual parents, children of gay and lesbian parents are: A) more poorly adjusted. B) less popular. C) more likely to be gay or lesbian themselves. D) pretty much the same.

d

Cross-cultural studies of parenting styles have demonstrated that a factor that does NOT differ across cultures and subcultures is: A) prevalence of different parenting styles. B) meaning of particular parenting styles to children. C) outcomes associated with different parenting styles. D) dimensions that define parenting styles.

d

Differential treatment of siblings by parents is less detrimental to children when all of the following are TRUE except: A) children believe it is justified. B) the culture emphasizes interdependence among family members. C) the children are older. D) the children are younger.

d

Four-year-old Derek is playing with his trucks and does not want to come to the dinner table. In response, his mother storms over to where he is playing, grabs his trucks away from him, and yells, ìI told you to come eat dinner! Come to the table right now or I will throw those trucks in the garbage.î Derek's mother is rarely affectionate with him, even in situations in which he is complying with her wishes. Derek's mother would likely be classified as: A) permissive. B) authoritative. C) uninvolved. D) authoritarian.

d

In which group in the United States do mothers and fathers spend equal amounts of time with their children? A) Hispanic American families B) families with mothers who work outside of the home C) high-SES Euro-American families D) none of these.

d

Parental use of psychological control tends to be reported most among which type of parents? A) permissive B) authoritative C) uninvolved D) authoritarian

d

Reasoning that is focused on the effects of a behavior on other people is referred to as: A) externalization. B) internalization. C) self-oriented induction. D) other-oriented induction.

d

Recent research has demonstrated that, compared with children with siblings, ìonliesî in China have NOT been found to be: A) more self-interested. B) less cooperative. C) more aggressive. D) overindulged.

d

Regarding change in the rate of births to unmarried women, between 1990 and 2010, the rate: A) rose for women in all age groups. B) fell for women in all age groups. C) fell for women under the age of 19 and remained stable for women 20 and older. D) fell for women under the age of 19 and increased for all other groups.

d

The one-child policy in China is an example of the link between which two systems of Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model? A) microsystem and mesosystem B) macrosystem and mesosystem C) exosystem and microsystem D) macrosystem and microsystem

d

Which factor improves children's adjustment to a parent's remarriage? A) all of the children being around the same age B) the children being older C) the stepparent being a stepfather D) supportive relations between the noncustodial parent and the stepparent

d

Which factor is NOT an example of an active influence children have on the parenting process? A) temperament B) perceptions of their parents' behavior toward them C) negative behavior that is reinforced by parents D) appearance

d

Which factor is NOT associated with better integration of a stepparent into a family? A) lack of hostility of noncustodial biological parent toward stepparent B) support of stepparent's parenting by custodial parent C) warmth of stepparent D) active parenting by stepparent

d

Which statement about children's characteristics and behavior and the parenting process is TRUE? A) Parenting behaviors are rarely influenced by children's characteristics or behavior, as parents tend to have a core style that changes in only minor ways. B) Although children's early temperamental characteristics influence the parenting style that parents adopt, children have little influence on parenting behaviors after infancy. C) Parents may be influenced by children's extreme behaviors, but their parenting practices are rarely influenced by any other characteristics of their children. D) Children's characteristics and behavior can have a substantial influence on the parenting process.

d

Which statement is NOT true regarding the use of spanking as a form of punishment? A) Spanking does not improve children's behavior. B) Spanking increases children's risk for a range of negative outcomes. C) Spanking is linked with negative outcomes across cultural groups. D) Spanking is an advised form of discipline in all countries around the world.

d

Which variable is NOT a strong predictor of poor-quality parenting? A) marital conflict B) poverty C) homelessness D) adequate shelter

d