Chapter 12 Quiz

In what way was the rule of the Mughals under Akbar different from that of contemporary European monarchs? a.) Akbar encouraged discussion between members of different religions instead of attempting to force religious conformity. b.) The Mughals relied on trade to generate wealth, while Europeans relied on agriculture. c.) The Mughals ruled over a Muslim state with few non-Muslim citizens, while European rulers ruled over states with many religious groups. d.) European monarchs did not arrange political marriages with their rivals, while the Mughals did intermarry with Hindus.

Correct Answer: A.) Akbar encouraged discussion between members of different religions instead of attempting to force religious conformity.

What was a similarity between the Ming and the Mughal dynasties? a.) Both were able to limit European traders to port cities. b.) Both ruled over homogeneous populations. c.) Both faced declining populations due to the arrival of diseases from the Americas. d.) Both prided themselves on restoring indigenous rule after a period of foreign conquest.

Correct Answer: A.) Both were able to limit European traders to port cities.

By the end of the seventeenth century, what best characterized the role of Europeans in Asia? a.) Europeans held a few coastal enclaves and had not significantly transformed Asian trade. b.) European colonists had seized several substantial Asian territories. c.) The Dutch had displaced the Portuguese and English as the sole European presence in Asia. d.) Europeans in Asia were primarily missionaries, who lacked commercial interests.

Correct Answer: A.) Europeans held a few coastal enclaves and had not significantly transformed Asian trade.

What led Portuguese traders to explore the coast of Africa in the mid-16th century? a.) Gold's value rose dramatically during and after the Black Death, and the Portuguese believed that Africa was a source of precious metals. b.) The Spanish had taken control of the gold coming from the Americas, so the Portuguese had to look elsewhere. c.) The Portuguese were denied access to the Mediterranean trade in gold by their rivals, the Dutch. d.) The Holy Roman Empire refused to allow the Portuguese merchants a share of trade in gold mined in the Carpathian Mountains.

Correct Answer: A.) Gold's value rose dramatically during and after the Black Death, and the Portuguese believed that Africa was a source of precious metals.

What was Egypt's main significance within the Ottoman Empire? a.) It served as the Ottoman's breadbasket. b.) It was the Empire's principal center for literary and cultural innovation. c.) It served as the largest source of recruits for the Ottoman military. d.) It provided a geopolitical boundary to prevent the Iberian powers from further expansion.

Correct Answer: A.) It served as the Ottoman's breadbasket.

What actions did Ottoman officials take to assist the caravan trade transporting goods from China to the Ottoman heartland? a.) Officials established caravanseries for travelers' refreshment and protection. b.) Officials forced nomadic desert peoples to adopt settled, agricultural lifestyles. c.)Officials sent soldiers to accompany caravans to protect them from bandits. d.) Officials oversaw the raising of camel herds to rent to merchants.

Correct Answer: A.) Officials established caravanseries for travelers' refreshment and protection.

The Americas proved a better market than Eurasia for European manufactured goods over the course of the sixteenth century. a.) True b.) False

Correct Answer: A.) True

The Aztecs and Incas used conscripted labor to build public wealth, while the Spanish used forced labor to enrich private individuals. a.) True b.) False

Correct Answer: A.) True

The experience of conquering the Aztec Empire taught the Spanish that effective conquest had to be accomplished quickly, completely destroying indigenous symbols of legitimate authority. a.) True b.) False

Correct Answer: A.) True

The first Atlantic sugar plantations worked by enslaved Africans were in Africa. a.) True b.) False

Correct Answer: A.) True INcorrect Answer: B.) False

From where did the Europeans get the model of sugar cane production used in their American colonies? a.) West Africa b.) East Asia c.) South Africa d.) South Asia

Correct Answer: A.) West Africa

In Ming China, where did women find the greatest opportunities to obtain wealth and influence? a.) healers, consorts, and power brokers b.) as performers in the new entertainment districts c.) as authors of Confucian guides for proper behavior d.) as merchants in trading centers such as Macao

Correct Answer: A.) healers, consorts, and power brokers

Which of the following was essential to the Aztec state's legitimacy? a.) kinship and clan networks b.) guild and professional groups c.) a federation of allied nations d.) a bureaucratic government

Correct Answer: A.) kinship and clan networks

What was Portugal's primary goal in the Indian Ocean trade? a.) to take over the trade or tax local merchants b.) to develop cooperative relationships with local rulers c.) to conquer as much territory as possible d.) to sell African products in Asian markets

Correct Answer: A.) to take over the trade or tax local merchants

What percent of the Amerindian population was killed by Afro-Eurasian diseases during the sixteenth century? a.) 50% b.) 90% c.) 70% d.) 30%

Correct Answer: B.) 90%

Which of the following allowed the Spanish to defeat both the Aztec and Inca Empires? a.) Both empires' religions prevented them from mustering forces to oppose the Spanish. b.) Both empires suffered from internal weakness and divisions that were exploited by the Spanish. c.) Both empires lacked knowledge that the Spaniards had landed, giving the Spanish the element of surprise. d.) Both empires' armies were smaller and less experienced than the Spanish forces.

Correct Answer: B.) Both empires suffered from internal weakness and divisions that were exploited by the Spanish.

Why was it necessary to continue to import large numbers of African slaves to replenish labor on sugar plantations? a.) Most slaves came in family groups, and could not be separated to work on newly created plantations. b.) Most of the slaves were men, who suffered high mortality rates due to overwork and poor conditions. c.) Most of the slaves were women, and lost time from their labors raising children. d.) Slaves worked in large groups comprising more than 200 individuals per plantation.

Correct Answer: B.) Most of the slaves were men, who suffered high mortality rates due to overwork and poor conditions.

Which of the following characterized the Spanish tributary empires? a.) The Spanish refrained for religious reasons from intermingling with indigenous women who were part of their conscripted labor force. b.) The Spanish controlled territory but worked to extract wealth without extensive settlement of Iberian immigrants. c.) The Spanish relied solely on European economic structures in order to gain access to goods and labor from native peoples. d.) The Spanish retained indigenous rulers as puppets through whom they could govern.

Correct Answer: B.) The Spanish controlled territory but worked to extract wealth without extensive settlement of Iberian immigrants.

After 1570, why was Japan supplanted as the primary source of silver for China? a.) The Spanish discovered new sources of silver in the Philippines, which was closer to China than Japan was. b.) The Spanish took control of the Philippines and used it as a conduit for silver from their colonies in the Americas. c.) Japanese silver was mined out, leaving them with little to trade internationally. d.) The Japanese closed their doors to all external trade, in order to avoid European domination.

Correct Answer: B.) The Spanish took control of the Philippines and used it as a conduit for silver from their colonies in the Americas.

Which of the following attributes made the caravel useful in exploring African coasts? a.) The caravel was a method of finding longitude, which allowed Portuguese mariners to locate themselves out of sight of land. b.) The caravel was sturdy enough to sail rough Atlantic seas, while its ability to tack using its triangular sails made it maneuverable in coastal estuaries. c.) The caravel was a Muslim invention that allowed sailors to determine latitude by measuring the height of the sun above the horizon. d.) The caravel had four masts with square sails, allowing it to sail into the winds that roared up the African coast.

Correct Answer: B.) The caravel was sturdy enough to sail rough Atlantic seas, while its ability to tack using its triangular sails made it maneuverable in coastal estuaries.

During the sixteenth century, to what use did Mughals put their increased global and local commerce? a.) They formed closer tributary ties with Ming China. b.) They used the resources to glorify their court's architecture and art. c.) They tried to force the Dutch and English out of the Indian Ocean trade. d.) They sponsored their own voyages of exploration.

Correct Answer: B.) They used the resources to glorify their court's architecture and art.

What was Europe's main contribution to the Atlantic system? a.) land b.) military technology c.) raw materials d.) labor

Correct Answer: B.) military technology

What was the primary reason for the rapid increase in the importation of Africans in sixteenth-century Brazil and the Caribbean? a.) Africans were used as skilled craftsmen in urban areas. b.) Africans were used as labor in the silver mines. c.) Africans were used as labor for sugar plantations. d.) Africans were used as domestic servants.

Correct Answer: C.) Africans were used as labor for sugar plantations.

What differentiated Chinese merchants from Islamic traders? a.) Islamic traders were unwilling to engage with non-Muslim merchants. b.) Chinese merchants were almost nonexistent because of Ming prohibitions on trade. c.) Islamic traders had more autonomy as they were not subject to any central authority. d.) Chinese merchants were not profit-driven and contributed their earnings to the emperor.

Correct Answer: C.) Islamic traders had more autonomy as they were not subject to any central authority.

Which of the following sparked Martin Luther's challenge to the Catholic Church? a.) Luther believed that true knowledge of God came through meditation. b.) Luther wanted German cathedrals to rival those of Rome in their grandeur. c.) Luther was disgusted with corrupt church practices such as the selling of indulgences. d.) Luther was shocked by what he experienced as an itinerant monk.

Correct Answer: C.) Luther was disgusted with corrupt church practices such as the selling of indulgences.

Which areas of the Americas produced the bulk of the silver that fueled global commerce in the sixteenth century? a.) Brazil & the Andes b.) Mesoamerica & Brazil c.) Mesoamerica & the Andes d.) the Andes & the Caribbean

Correct Answer: C.) Mesoamerica & the Andes

How did the encomienda system work in the Caribbean? a.) Spanish missionaries were granted a certain number of Indians that they were required to convert. b.) Each Spanish settler was granted an equal portion of land to farm. c.) Select Spanish settlers were granted the right to extract a quantity of Indian labor. d.) Spanish settlers were granted a quota of African slaves to perform plantation labor.

Correct Answer: C.) Select Spanish settlers were granted the right to extract a quantity of Indian labor.

Why was China's demand for silver so high during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? a.) Silver was thought to have medical value. b.) Silver was used in decorating porcelains for export. c.) Silver was used to pay taxes and as money in internal markets. d.) Silver was believed to be the most beautiful metal.

Correct Answer: C.) Silver was used to pay taxes and as money in internal markets.

In the early sixteenth century, which of the following contributed to the Aztecs' constant warfare? a.) The Aztecs' neighbors attempted to choke off their access to the sea, denying the Aztecs sources of fish protein and coastal trade. b.) The Aztecs and their neighbors were engaged in a bitter struggle to obtain control of the Yucatan Peninsula. c.) The Aztecs believed that the gods required human hearts and blood, leading to the sacrifice of thousands of war captives. d.) The Aztecs' neighbors were unwilling to trade with them, requiring warfare to secure highly desired luxury items such as rare quetzal feathers.

Correct Answer: C.) The Aztecs believed that the gods required human hearts and blood, leading to the sacrifice of thousands of war captives.

Which of the following best explains why the Portuguese dominated the Indian Ocean sea lanes in the early sixteenth century? a.) The Portuguese negotiated an exclusive trade relationship with the Ming for porcelain. b.) The Portuguese used their superior navigational abilities to travel outside the sight of land. c.) The Portuguese mounted small cannons on their vessels to bombard ports and rival ships. d.) The Portuguese developed the joint stock company, which allowed them to invest more freely.

Correct Answer: C.) The Portuguese mounted small cannons on their vessels to bombard ports and rival ships.

In the Council of Trent, the Catholic Church responded to the challenges posed by the Protestant Reformation in which of the following ways? a.) The church relaxed its penalization of heresy. b.) The church translated the Bible into local languages to appeal to more followers. c.) The church increased missionary efforts abroad. d.) The church modified certain doctrines such as the intercessory power of saints.

Correct Answer: C.) The church increased missionary efforts abroad.

What circumstance permitted the English and Dutch to expand their trade in Asia and the Americas? a.) They found a passage through the Americas to Asia and got rich through trade with China. b.) They explored new areas of the Americas and started their own silver mines. c.) They took advantage of Spain's bankruptcy caused by religious and dynastic wars. d.) They received opportunities to trade in the Americas and Asia from the Catholic Church as part of an attempt to achieve rapprochement.

Correct Answer: C.) They took advantage of Spain's bankruptcy caused by religious and dynastic wars.

The Columbian Exchange led to which of the following? a.) The Afro-Eurasian landscape came to look more like the Americas. b.) Syphilis spread throughout the Western Hemisphere. c.) Afro-Eurasian farmers became less competitive compared to American farmers. d.) Corn (maize) replaced some traditional crops in China and Africa.

Correct Answer: D.) Corn (maize) replaced some traditional crops in China and Africa.

What impact did the arrival of corn have in West Africa beginning in the sixteenth century? a.) Though corn was easier to cultivate than previous crops, it diminished Africans' health outcomes. b.) Corn supported numerous small-scale producers at the expense of larger states. c.) Corn was an unappealing crop in West Africa and never replaced local staples. d.) Corn contributed the caloric energy needed to transform rain forest into arable land.

Correct Answer: D.) Corn contributed the caloric energy needed to transform rain forest into arable land.

The establishment of colonies in the Americas in the sixteenth century provided Europeans with which of the following advantages in global trade? a.) American manufactures were eagerly received in Africa and Asia. b.) Elaborate cotton and wool textiles manufactured in the Americas were highly prized in Asia. c.) Europeans could take advantage of the Aztecs' superior shipbuilding techniques. d.) European products that were not esteemed in Afro-Eurasia could be sold in the Americas.

Correct Answer: D.) European products that were not esteemed in Afro-Eurasia could be sold in the Americas.

Which of the following accurately describes Columbus's first impression of the Taino people? a.) He believed that they were ferocious warriors. b.) He believed that they could become trade partners with the Spanish. c.) He believed that they would not be able to understand Christian doctrine. d.) He believed that they were childlike primitives.

Correct Answer: D.) He believed that they were childlike primitives.

What advantage was provided by the English East India Company's royal charter? a.) It gave the English more legitimacy than other European traders at the Mughal court. b.) It provided a subsidy from the English crown. c.) It gave the right to leave coastal enclaves and trade in the Chinese interior. d.) It gave exclusive rights to import East Indian goods into England.

Correct Answer: D.) It gave exclusive rights to import East Indian goods into England.

In what way did the Spanish capture of Manila in 1571 inaugurate the first worldwide trade circuit? a.) The Spanish now controlled all of the world's major entrepôt cities. b.) The Spanish had become the first people to sail all the way around the world. c.) Control of Manila enhanced Spanish power at the expense of the Mughals and Chinese, increasing Spanish control of trade networks. d.) Manila gave the Spanish a base to trade silver from the Americas to China, and then Chinese goods to Europe.

Correct Answer: D.) Manila gave the Spanish a base to trade silver from the Americas to China, and then Chinese goods to Europe.

What was the benefit to the Spanish crown of an encomienda? a.) The crown could use the encomienda to directly oversee missionary work among the Indians. b.) The crown could use the encomenderos as forced labor on sugar plantations. c.) The crown could use the encomienda to export Iberian prisoners to work mines in the Americas. d.) The crown received special taxes on the extraction of precious metals from the encomenderos.

Correct Answer: D.) The crown received special taxes on the extraction of precious metals from the encomenderos. INcorrect Answer: A.) The crown could use the encomienda to directly oversee missionary work among the Indians.

Which of the following characterized Ottoman expansion into North Africa and the Middle East in the sixteenth century? a.) rapid incorporation of Egypt and Syria, based on shared geopolitical threats b.) failed conquest of Egypt and Syria, resulting from insurmountable logistical challenges c.) gradual incorporation of Egypt and Syria, based on shared religious beliefs d.) fierce opposition in Egypt and Syria, resulting from insurmountable logistical challenges

Correct Answer: D.) fierce opposition in Egypt and Syria, resulting from insurmountable logistical challenges

The Protestant Reformation encouraged the growth of nationalism in Europe by encouraging people to: a.) be more tolerant of one another. b.) revive ancient pagan traditions in Christian observances. c.) end the requirement that priests be celibate. d.) identify their religion with their local state and language.

Correct Answer: D.) identify their religion with their local state and language.

Which of the following beliefs was shared by Luther and Calvin? a.) the belief that humans could gain admittance to heaven through their pious actions b.) the belief that clergymen need to be celibate c.) the belief that ordinary people needed priests to act as intermediaries between themselves and God d.) the belief that the source of religious knowledge lay in the Scriptures

Correct Answer: D.) the belief that the source of religious knowledge lay in the Scriptures

Why were the Portuguese and other Europeans motivated to find new routes to Asia? a.) They were responding to the conquest of Constantinople and the rise of Ottoman power in the Mediterranean. b.) They wanted to establish a closer relationship with the Chinese and learn more about their agricultural techniques. c.) They were responding to the Black Death, which had made their old trade routes too dangerous to use. d.) They needed a new source of gold and silver and believed it could be found in Asia.

Correct Answer: A.) They were responding to the conquest of Constantinople and the rise of Ottoman power in the Mediterranean.

Which of the following factors led to China's economic expansion in the 15th and 16th centuries? a.) the expansion of trade w/ Europeans b.) thriving and elaborate internal trade networks c.) improved agricultural techniques d.) the conquest of neighboring states

Correct Answer: B.) thriving and elaborate internal trade networks

The Ottoman Sultans used all of the following approaches to manage their expanding empire EXCEPT: a.) training janissaries as the military elite. b.) supplanting local leaders w/ hand-chosen loyalists. c.) suppressing non-Islamic religions. d.) seizing young recruits to serve as future bureaucrats.

Correct Answer: C.) suppressing non-Islamic religions. INcorrect Answer: b.) supplanting local leaders w/ hand-chosen loyalists.