CHAPTER 12: Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
There are ________ cervical spinal nerves.
8
Identify the layers of meninges and the related spaces from most superficial to deepest. Epidural Space Subdural Space Subarachnoid Space Dura Mater Arachnoid Mater Pia Mater
Epidural Space Dura Mater Subdural Space Arachnoid Mater Subarachnoid Space Pia Mater
What type of reflex prevents contracting muscles from applying excessive tension on tendons by inhibiting muscle contraction?
Golgi tendon reflex
A patient is having difficulty breathing. Name a nerve could be responsible for this difficulty.
Phrenic nerve
Identify the three layers of meninges.
Pia mater Dura mater Arachnoid mater
Identify the function of Golgi tendon reflexes.
Protect muscles and tendons from damages caused by excessive tension
Which is a nerve of the lumbosacral plexus?
Pudendal nerve
The femoral nerve innervates which muscle group?
Quadriceps
Which two nerves converge to form the Sciatic nerve?
Tibial and common fibular nerves
The distal branches of spinal nerves divides into the Rami. Which ramus branches to form the major nerve plexuses?
Anterior (Ventral) ramus
Which spinal tracts are exclusively sensory?
Ascending tracts
Identify the nerve that innervates the deltoid and teres minor and the skin of the shoulder.
Axillary nerve
There is/are ________ pair(s) of cervical nerve(s), ________ pair(s) of thoracic nerve(s), ________ pair(s) of lumbar nerve(s), ________ pair(s) of sacral nerve(s) and 1 pair of coccygeal nerve.
Blank 1: 8 or eight Blank 2: 12 or twelve Blank 3: 5 or five Blank 4: 5 or five
When considering spinal nerves, there are 8 pairs of ________ nerves, 12 pairs of ________ nerves, 5 pairs of ________ nerves, 5 pairs of sacral nerves and 1 pair of ________ nerves.
Blank 1: cervical Blank 2: thoracic Blank 3: lumbar Blank 4: coccygeal
Name the plexus which supplies innervation to the muscles acting on the scapula and innervates the skin of the medial arm and forearm.
Brachial plexus
Tibial nerve
Branches to form the medial and lateral plantar nerves
The brain and the spinal cord make up the ____.
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Identify the nerves that combine to form the sciatic nerve.
Common fibular nerve Tibial nerve
The phrenic nerve innervates the ______.
diaphragm
The ________ rami of spinal nerves innervate most of the deep muscles of the back and muscles of the trunk responsible for moving the vertebral column.
dorsal
The sensory root of a spinal nerve is also referred to as __________ root.
dorsal
The thickest of the meninges is the __________.
dura mater
Two areas of the spinal cord are thicker than the rest. These areas give rise to the nerves leading to the limbs. These areas are called the cervical and lumbar ________.
enlargements
True or false: Spinal nerves are named for the region of the body that they innervate.
false
True or false: The spinal cord contains two enlargements. One of these enlargements is found in the cervical area and the other is in the thoracic region.
false
Which matter of the spinal cord contains neuron cell bodies?
gray
common fibular nerve
lateral and anterior lower leg
Ventral roots consist of only ________ fibers (axons).
motor or efferent
The cross-sectional view of the spinal cord reveals white matter on the
outside, gray matter on the inside, and a ventral motor root.
The diaphragm is innervated specifically by the ________ nerve(s).
phrenic
Damage to which of these nerves would be most life-threatening?
phrenic nerves
The deepest meningeal layer that is tightly attached to the spinal cord is called the ________ mater.
pia
Which is the deepest layer of the meninges?
pia mater
Major branches of a spinal nerve are called _____.
rami
Spinal nerves exiting the spinal cord from the level of L4 to S4 form the __________ plexus.
sacral
The tibial and common fibular nerve combine to form the ______ nerve.
sciatic
If the ventral root of a spinal nerve were cut, the regions innervated by that spinal nerve would experience complete loss of __________.
sensation
Dorsal (posterior) roots consist of only ______ fibers (axons).
sensory
The reflex where muscles contract in response to stretching within the muscle is called a ________ reflex.
stretch
The space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater is the ________ space.
subarachnoid
The space related to the meninges that contains cerebrospinal fluid is the _____.
subarachnoid space
The coccygeal plexus innervates _____.
the muscles of the pelvic floor
True or false: The gluteal nerve is a nerve of the lumbosacral plexus.
true
When a person hits their "funny bone," they cause temporary damage to the __________ nerve.
ulnar
A nerve plexus is formed when the ________ rami of different spinal nerves intermingle.
ventral
Motor axons are found in ______ roots.
ventral
The _____ rami of spinal nerves innervate the ribs, the intercostal muscles and the skin of the thorax.
ventral
The ______ rami form nerve plexuses.
ventral
The motor root of a spinal nerve is also referred to as the __________ root.
ventral
Match each nerve of the brachial plexus with the correct region that it innervates. 1. Axillary nerve 2. Radial nerve 3. Musculocutaneous nerve 4. Ulnar nerve 5. Median nerve
1. Axillary nerve - Inferior lateral shoulder 2. Radial nerve - Posterior surface of arm, forearm and lateral two-thirds of dorsum of hand 3. Musculocutaneous nerve - Anterior portion of arm 4. Ulnar nerve - Medial one-third of hand, little finger and middle half of ring finger 5. Median nerve - Lateral two-thirds of palm, anterior thumb, index, and middle fingers, dorsal tips of thumb, index, middle, and ring fingers
Correctly pair each nerve of the brachial plexus with the correct region that it innervates. 1. Axillary nerve 2. Radial nerve 3. Musculocutaneous nerve 4. Ulnar nerve 5. Median nerve
1. Axillary nerve - Part of the shoulder 2. Radial nerve - Posterior portion of arm, forearm and hand 3. Musculocutaneous nerve - Anterior portion of arm 4. Ulnar nerve - Anterior portion of forearm and hand 5. Median nerve - Similar to the ulnar nerve
Match the connective tissue component of a nerve with the correct description. 1. Endoneurium 2. Perineurium 3. Epineurium
1. Delicate layer of connective tissue surrounding a single axon and its Schwann cell sheath (Endoneurium) 2. Layer of connective tissue surrounding a nerve fascicle (Perineurium) 3. A layer of dense connective tissue surrounding a nerve(Epineurium)
Indicate the correct order of meninges from superficial at the top to deep at the bottom.
1. Dura mater 2. Arachnoid mater 3. Pia mater
List the layers of connective tissue surrounding nervous tissue starting with the most superficial layer and ending with innermost layer surrounding an individual Schwann cell sheath.
1. Epineurium 2. Perineurium 3. Endoneurium
What is the pia mater?
Deepest meninx that is attached directly to the surface of the spinal cord
List the functions of the spinal cord. Select all that apply. 1. It senses stimuli from the environment. 2. It produces responses through reflex mechanisms. 3. It serves as the link between the brain and the PNS. 4. It integrates incoming information.
It produces responses through reflex mechanisms. It serves as the link between the brain and the PNS. It integrates incoming information.
What are the functions of the axillary nerve? Select all that apply.
It provides sensory innervation to the shoulder joint and to the skin over part of the shoulder. It innervates the deltoid and teres minor muscles.
Identify the regions of the spinal cord. Select all that apply. 1. Lumbar 2. Inguinal 3. Cervical 4. Sacral 5. Thoracic
Lumbar Cervical Sacral Thoracic
The brachial plexus supplies nerves that function to contract which of the following?
Muscles of the arm and forearm
Identify the function of withdrawal reflexes.
Removes a body part from a painful stimulus
Identify the structures innervated by the cervical plexus. Select all that apply.
Skin of the neck Posterior portion of the head Muscles of the hyoid Diaphragm
Name the structure that serves as the link between the brain and the PNS.
Spinal cord
Explain how spinal nerves are named.
Spinal nerves are named for the region of the vertebral column from which they emerge.
Name the reflex where muscles contract in response to stretching within the muscle.
Stretch
During a spinal tap, cerebrospinal fluid is obtained from which of the following locations?
Subarachnoid space
List actions of nerves from the brachial plexus. Select all that apply.
Supply muscles acting on the scapula and arm Innervate the skin of the medial arm and forearm
What type of reflex functions to remove a body part from a painful stimulus?
Withdrawal reflex
The central canal of the spinal cord is ______.
a hollow space
The ventral and dorsal rami are branches of _____.
a spinal nerve
The ________ matter of the spinal cord consists of myelinated axons, and the ________ matter consists of neuron cell bodies.
blank 1: White blank 2: Gray
The most superficial layer of the meninges is the _____ mater and the deepest layer of the meninges is the _____ mater.
blank 1: dura blank 2: pia
Spinal nerves C5-T1 make up the __________ plexus.
brachial
The CNS consists of the ______.
brain and spinal cord
Damage to the phrenic nerve would affect one's ability to ______.
breathe
The hollow space in the center of the gray commissure of the spinal cord that helps to circulate CSF is called the ________ ________.
central canal
The muscles of the hyoid, skin of the neck, the posterior portion of the head and the diaphragm are innervated by the ________ plexus.
cervical
The phrenic nerve belongs to which nerve plexus?
cervical
The spinal cord is divided into 4 segments; they are the ________, ________ , ________ and the sacral.
cervical thoracic lumbar
The nerve plexus that innervates the muscles of the pelvic floor and the skin over the coccyx is the ______.
coccygeal plexus