Chapter 12: The Age of Jackson
Who was Henry Clay?
(April 12, 1777 - June 29, 1852) was an American lawyer and planter, statesman, and skilled orator who represented Kentucky in both the United States Senate and House of Representatives. Senator from Kentucky who wrote what was called the "Omnibus Bill."
What happened to the economy and land prices as Jackson tried to destroy the Second Bank of the Untied States?
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Why did Van Buren push for the Independent Treasury Act?
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What was the spoils system? How did Jackson change it?
A term, usually derisive, whereby newly elected office-holders appoint loyal members of their own party to public office. President Jackson did not initiate the spoils system (rewarding of supporters with government jobs), but he did defend and practice it, saying that frequent rotation in office gave more people a chance to serve in the government.
What were the four goals of Jacksonian Democracy (1828- 1848)?
An ambiguous, controversial concept, Jacksonian Democracy in the strictest sense refers simply to the ascendancy of Andrew Jackson and the Democratic party after 1828. More loosely, it alludes to the entire range of democratic reforms that proceeded alongside the Jacksonians' triumph—from expanding the suffrage to restructuring federal institutions. From another angle, however, Jacksonianism appears as a political impulse tied to slavery, the subjugation of Native Americans, and the celebration of white supremacy—so much so that some scholars have dismissed the phrase "Jacksonian Democracy" as a contradiction in terms.
Sequoya
Cherokee leader who developed a written alphabet.
Martin Van Buren
Friend of and Vice President for President Jackson
Why did Jackson declare "war" on the Second Bank of the Untied States?
Jackson disliked the National Bank, believing that it was too powerful and could affect the political process. Biddle wish to renew the charter but Jackson wanted to contradict him and he thought banks were corrupt. Jackson hated both the banks and Biddle.
What common theme was present in the Election of 1828?
Jackson was wealthy, but the Democrats portrayed him as a poor man of the people, opposed to the aristocratic Adams, so Jackson won the election. This election also showed a clear sectional split: the South and Southwest favored Jackson, and New England generally favored Adams.
Roger Taney
Jackson's Secretary of Treasury
Kitchen Cabinet
Jackson's personal advisors
William Crawford
James Monroe's secretary of the treasury.
Who was John C. Calhoun? Why did Jackson come to dislike him?
John Calhoun was not for Clays compromise..
Indian Territory was located in what is present- day
Oklahoma
Why was Jackson opposed to South Carolina's nullification policy?
President Andrew Jackson, in response to the nullification crisis of 1832, threatened to send federal troops to any state that tried to "nullify" federal laws. The action was directed at the state of South Carolina, whose leaders, led by John C. Calhoun, opposed a tariff bill passed by U.S. Congress. Believed policies of conservative credit caused Panic of 1819 and saw bank as tool of wealthy. Didn't like President of Bank Nicholas Biddle. He thought that the investors should not be able to make a profit off of a government institution (the Bank of the U.S.)
Nicholas Biddle
President of the Bank of the United States under President Jackson
Daniel Webster
Senator friend of Biddle (President of Bank of the US) who with Senator Clay planned to use the Bank to defeat President Jackson.
Henry Clay
Senator friend of Biddle (President of Bank of the US) who with Senator Daniel Webster planned to use the Bank to defeat President Jackson.
Pet Banks
State-chartered banks that received federal government deposits from the Second Bank (President Jackson was trying to make the Second Bank go bankrupt by regulating this.)
Explain the issues and resolutions in the Nullification Crisis?
The Nullification Crisis was a United States sectional political crisis in 1832-1837, during the presidency of Andrew Jackson, which involved a confrontation between South Carolina and the federal government. It ensued after South Carolina declared that the federal Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional and therefore null and void within the sovereign boundaries of the state.
Why did the Supreme Court and Chief Justice John Marshall rule for the Cherokee nation and against the state of Georgia and Jackson administration?
The Supreme Court ruled against Dred Scott because African Americans had no right to sue in federal court since they were not citizens, and property rights states that living in a free state did not make an enslaved person free.
Why did the South refer to the Tariff of 1828 as the Tariff of Abominations?
The Tariff of Abominations: The Effects. Image courtesy of the Library of Congress John C. Calhoun of South Carolina served as Representative, Senator, and Vice President. Calhoun resigned his position as Vice President to return to the Senate in 1832. The South did this as a military tactic, which was given the name cotton diplomacy. This is, in essence, the idea that Britain would support the Confederacy in need of cotton. To try this plan, the Confederacy first had to increase England's requirement of cotton, thus the refusal to export cotton to Britain. This strategy did not work, as Britain had more than enough cotton from countries such as India and Egypt.
Who were the Whigs? What parts of the nation supported them?
The Whigs was a new party (fed. gov.) which consisted of former federalists, eastern business people, southern planters, the rich. The Democrats were frontier farmers and factory workers in the east. (Supporters of Jackson; he founded the Democrats) Political party formed by former National Republicans and those who opposed Andrew Jackson
What was the main political issue in the Election of 1832?
The election of 1832 was a unique one by the standards of the time. It was the first time that the respected parties would hold nominating conventions. It also included, for the first time, the introduction of a third party, the Anti-Masons. The three nominees were the incumbent, Jackson on the democratic ticket, Henry Clay for the republicans and William Wirt for the Anti-Masons[49]. The presence of the Anti-Masons was a great help to Jackson's campaign as it pulled favor from the republicans[50], a trait which has been historically proven to happen with the introduction of a third party. The most interesting aspect of the election was, however, the Bank issue
log cabin campaign
The symbol of a log cabin was adopted by the Whigs to show presidential candidate William Henry Harrison a wealthy man was a man of the people.
Who were the candidates in the 1840 election? How did the Whigs try to appeal to the common man?
The symbol of a log cabin was adopted by the Whigs to show presidential candidate William Henry Harrison a wealthy man was a man of the people. William Henry Harrison - a war hero of the War of 1812 that was nominated by the Whigs to run against President Van Buren.
Why did Jackson order the removal of the Native Americans?
This scheme forced the national government to pass the Indian Removal Act on May 28, 1830, in which President Jackson agreed to divide the United States territory west of the Mississippi into districts for tribes to replace the land they were removed from.
The forced movement of the Cherokee is referred to as the
Trail of Tears
John C. Calhoun
Vice President who raised and supported the issue of states' rights
How did the Jacksonian seek to "democratize politics"?
Western States eliminated property ownership as a prerequisite for voting. - More public offices were made elective rather than appointive - Electors were selected by popular vote in all states except SC and DE. - System of allowing Congressional Caucaus to elect the presidential candidates came to an end. - Jackson and Adams were nominated by state legislature - Nomination by national party convention was soon after adopted. - every citizens was equally important and the conviction that all should participate in government.
Andrew Jackson
Winner of the 1828 and 1832 Presidential Elections
Specie Circular
a proclamation issued by Jackson in July 1836, which provided that only specie was to be accepted in payment for public lands. It was one of Jackson's final affirmations of his belief that paper money encouraged people to embark on speculative "get-rich-quick schemes". He hoped it would reverse the damaging effects of the Deposit Act of 1836. The specie Circular made banks hesitant to issue more paper money.
William Henry Harrison
a war hero of the War of 1812 that was nominated by the Whigs to run against President Van Buren.
What was the Kitchen Cabinet?
an informal group of close, personal friends of Andrew Jackson, who used to meet with him in the kitchen of the White house to play cards and discuss issues of the day. Members of the 'kitchen cabinet' had neither been appointed by Jackson, nor confirmed by the Senate.
Paper money
became scare during Andrew Jackson's presidency.
Which groups of people hated the Bank of the Untied States
farmers and merchants
During the 1820s and 1830s, the right to vote in some Northern states was taken
free African American men.
Andrew Jackson
hero of the Battle of New Orleans
How did Van Buren respond to the Panic of 1837?
inherited "the severe downturn in the American economy that began in 1836." ... [It] became Van Buren's primary concern during his presidency. Historians have identified three causes of the depression that wracked the American economy during the late 1830s. Preside Van Buren believed in the principle of laissez-faire that the government should interfere as little as possible in the nation's economy.
Henry Clay
known for his wit and charm, skilled at compromise. Pushed the Bank bill through Congress.
Nicholas Biddle
president of the Bank of the United States
Nominating conventions
replaced party caucuses.
Daniel Webster
senator who opposed states' rights
In the war, riches that a victorious army takes from the enemy are called
spoils
Westerners respected people who
succeeded on their own.
Laissez-Faire
the doctrine that government should not interfere in commercial affairs
Suffrage
the right to vote.
Why did the political climate of the nation change radically after John Tyler succeeded William Henry in 1841?
there was poor leadership. balance and Budget.
What was the Webster- Hayne Debate?
was a famous debate in the United States between Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts and Senator Robert Y. Hayne of South Carolina that took place on January 19-27, 1830 on the topic of protectionist tariffs. Daniel Webster, a Senator, argued against Robert Hayne, a senator from S. Carolina. Hayne believed that states had the right to nullify and to even secede, but in contrast, Webster believed that nullification would end the Union.
Calhoun claimed that a state could nullify any federal law that
was unconstitutional
President Andrew Jackson gave government jobs to people who
were loyal to him.