Chapter 12 The Dynamic Planet

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There are two types of time, which are ___ and ___

Absolute and relative

List four Earth's continental shields

African, Angaran, Indian, Brazilian, Australian, Canadian, Scandinavian, Baltic

At which of the following locations does subduction occur?

Along collision zones between continental and oceanic plates

Folded layers of rock can form a wavelike pattern of troughs and crests. The layers near the crust form

An anticline

Which of the following is an example of a first order of relief?

An ocean basin

In 1912, German geophysicist and meteorologist, Alfred Wegener first proposed the ___ hypothesis about the Earth's land mass migration.

Continental drift

A ___, or heartland region, is an old and stable part of the continental crust.

Craton

Which of the following gives the correct sequence of layers in the Earth, from the surface to the center?

Crust, asthenosphere, lower mantle, core

The area at the surface directly above the subsurface location where seismic waves are initiated is termed the

Epicenter

Radioactivity dating only can be used to measure relative time (T/F)

False

Since the core's mass is about one third of Earth's entire mass, the volume of the core is also of one third of the Earth's entire volume (T/F)

False

The density of material below the Moho is less than that above it (T/F)

False

The moment magnitude scale is based on energy released and is less accurate than Richter's scale, which is based on the amplitude of seismic waves (T/F)

False

The oceanic crust is less dense than the continental crust (T/F)

False

When rock strata are strained beyond their ability to remain an intact unit, displacement occurs in a process known as

Faulting

The motion of seismic waves is initiated in a subsurface area along the fault plane called the

Focus, or hypocenter

Compared to oceanic crust, continental crust is

Generally more complex on content and structure

The decay rate is expressed as ___, the time required for one half of the unstable atoms in a sample to decay into "daughter" isotopes.

Half-life

The youngest epoch in the geologic time scale is ___

Holocene

Volcanic activity located away from plate boundaries is associated with

Hot spots

The transportation and deposition of materials by media powered by solar energy is the

Hydrologic cycle

The geologic cycle is composed of three subsystems: ___,___, and ___

Hydrologic, rock and tectonic

Three basic rock types are ___ (fire-formed, molten), ___ (from settling out), and ___ (transformed from any other rock through extreme heat or pressure).

Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic

Knowledge of Earth's interior is derived from

Indirect evidence involving the analysis of seismic waves

Earth's magnetic field

Is variable, and it has phased to zero some nine times during the past 4 million years

The principle of buoyancy and balance, when applied to Earth's crust, helps us to explain fluctuations in Earth's outer crust, a property known as

Isostatic adjustment

Which layer of the planet forms 80% of Earth's total volume, and has an average density of 4.5g/cm3?

Mantle

Which of the following gives the correct sequence of layers in the mantle, from bottom to top?

Mantle; upper mantle; asthenosphere

People often say that California is going to "fall into the ocean". This idea is totally wrong because the San Andreas fault would have to be a ___ fault associated with ___ forces for this to happen.

Normal; Tension

Two most abundant chemical elements in Earth's crust are ___ and ___

Oxygen and silicon

Wegener used ___ to name a supercontinent approximately 225 million years ago.

Pangea

The asthenosphere can be described as

Plastic-like

Vertical elevation differences in a local landscape are referred to as

Relief

An instrument used to record vibrations in the crust is the

Seismograph

Which of the following is incorrectly matched?

Shearing- stretching

A continental ___ is a region with a craton is exposed at the surface

Shield

If you were paranoid of earthquakes, which of the following area would be the safest to live?

Shield

The Earth's dominant materials are ___ and ___

Silicon and iron

The combination eggiest of ___ (powered by internal energy) and ___ (powered by the sun through motion of air, water, and ice) create Earth's continental crust

Tectonic activity and weathering and erosion

Heat energy and new materials are brought to the surface from the interior by the

Tectonic cycle

Normal faults are associated with

Tension forces

Which of the following is not an example of an age-relationship based on absolute dating?

The Coconino formation in the Grand Canyon is older than the Kaibab formation

Which of the following statements about Earth's core is not true?

The inner core is believed to be liquid and the outer core solid

Which of the following is true of the earthquake in the Liaoning Province of NE China on February 4, 1975?

The quake was successfully forecasted and 3 million people were evacuated

The most detailed order of relief applies to ____ order relief features.

Third

A hypsographic curve is a graph that shows the Earth's surface by surface area and elevation in relation to sea level (T/F)

True

A residual "synclinal ridge" may form within a trough of a fold (T/F)

True

Depth of earthquake focus increases with increasing distance from the ocean trench (T/F)

True

Ocean floor subducts under continents because the ocean floor is denser than continental material (T/F)

True

Orogeny means mountain generating (T/F)

True

The Hawaiian Islands were formed as a result of a rising plume of magma from the mantle (T/F)

True

The Moho mirrors the surface topography, i.e., the high places on the surface of the Earth overlies areas in which the Moho descends to greater depths, and vice versa (T/F)

True

The age of the sea floor increases with increasing distance from a mid-ocean ridge (T/F)

True

The fluid outer core generates 90% of Earth's magnetic field (T/F)

True

The magnetic stripes found around mid-Atlantic ride were due to the magnetic reversal (T/F)

True

The mean sea level is at 0 m (T/F)

True

Uniformitarianism assumes that the same physical processes we see today are a key to understand the processes that have been operating throughout the geologic time (T/F)

True

The most active tectonic regions of North and South America are on the

Western coasts

Which of the following is incorrectly matched?

radioactive decay heat-exogenic energy source

Several large, linear lakes are formed in East Africa. This is evidence of what process?

rifting

Divergent plate boundaries are characteristics of

sea-floor spreading centers

When geologists or archaeologists dig downward into a unit of rock or sediment, they are digging "back in time". This fact is base on the principle of

superposition

List three types of stress

tension

Which of the following is an endogenic process?

volcanism

Which of the following are located along the mid-ocean ridge?

volcanoes

Which of the following is an exogenic process?

weathering

List four evidences Wegener used to prove his hypothesis

-coastal lines -fossils -rock types and mountain belts -ancient climates

List three types of play boundaries

-divergent -convergent -transform

Which of the following plays a role in the shaping of Earth's surface?

-gravity -the action of wind, water,and ice -the radioactive decay of atoms

Which of the following is true of the asthenosphere?

-it contains pockets of increased heat -it flows -it carries the lithospheric plates

The San Andreas system in California is an example of a

-strike-slip fault -transform fault -right-lateral motions

Rocks are subjected to stress due to

-tectonic forces -gravity -pressure from overlaying rocks

Approximately what percentage of Earth's surface is exposed above sea level?

29%

The oceanic crust thickness is about ___ km, and the average continental crust thickness is ___ 30 km.

5 and 30

Convergent plates boundaries are characteristics of

collision zones between plates

Which of the following lists the correct sequence of divisions in the geologic time scale, from largest to smallest?

eon,era,period,epoch


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