Chapter 13-14 Essay Questions

How did European expansion affect both the conquered and the conquerors?

European expansion affected both the Concord in the conquerors positively and negatively. They expanded the empire, spread knowledge, and had new developments through trade. Although some empires crumbled the outcomes proved positive in the end

King Henry VIII

Founder of the church in England and ruled England from 1509-1547. He broke the Catholic church because he couldn't get a divorce from his wife Catherine of Aragon who didn't give him a male heir. When the Catholic church denied him of his wish, he, Thomas Cranmer, and Thomas cramming developed a plan and sent it into parliament.

Francis Xavier (1506-1552)

Francis Xavier an was original member of the society of Jesus. Xavier travelled to the East, carrying and teaching the message of Catholic Christians. Throughout his travels, he went to Japan. There he spoke very highly off the Japanese people and teaching them of the Catholic Christianity. Unfortunately, Xavier died in 1562 on his way to the mainland.

What impact did the Protestant Reformation have on society in the 16th century?

3 areas of society: -Because christianity was such a large part of European life, the reformation affected family, education, and popular religious practices. Catholicism praised the family and sanctified its existence by making marriage a sacrament. When the Reformation brought some changes to the conception of the family. Protestants advocate family life rather than celibacy. Since Protestants abolished idea of special holiness for celibacy, family could be placed at the center of human life, and a new stress on "mutual love between man and wife" could be extolled. Both Catholic and Protestant clergy preached sermons advocating a more positive approach to family relationships. -However, the reformation also left few opportunities for women due to the destruction of convents, leaving only family life as a destiny. Women were educated, albeit only in a primary school, so that she can raise her future children in the Christian faith. A women was to obey her husband and bear children. It was thought to be a part of the divine plan. Life as a nun was no longer an option because the monasticism was destroyed. Protestantism removed the women from her traditional role as controller of religion in the home. Protestant reformers called on men and women to read the bible and participate in religious services together. -The Reformation had an important effect on the development of education in Europe. They used humanist methods in Protestant secondary schools and universities. Protestant schools were aimed at a much wider audience than in the past. Martin Luther advocated that all children needed to have the opportunity of an education provided by the state. He urged cities and villages of Saxony to establish schools paid for by the public. Protestant schools were responsible for introducing the gymnasium, where the humanist emphasis on the liberal arts based on instruction Greek and latin was combined with religious instruction. -The Protestant reformer's attacks on the Catholic Church led to radical changes in religious practices. Protestant reformers abolished customary practices (Saints' day), Customary forms of entertainment like drinking in taverns and dancing, and denounced giving presents to children during certain festivities. These were unsuccessful however because English social life revolved around a lot of the celebrations.

Anabaptists

A member of a radical movement of the 16th-century Reformation that viewed baptism solely as an external witness to a believer's conscious profession of faith, rejected infant baptism, and believed in the separation of church from state, in the shunning of nonbelievers, and in simplicity of life.

St. Teresa of Avila

Carmelite nun who believed nuns should return to a simple life of poverty and humility.s The new mysticism had a very close tie to her and her beliefs. She had founded a new order of the Carmelite nuns and had worked to foster mystical experiences.

What measures did the Roman Catholic Church take to reform itself and combat Protestantism in the 16th century?

Catholic Reformation: a revived papacy; the regeneration of old religious orders and the founding of new ones, most notably the Jesuits; and the reaffirmation of traditional Catholic doctrine at the Council of Trent. 1st Paragraph: The regeneration of religious orders also proved valuable to the reform of Catholicism. Old orders (Benedictine and Dominican) were renewed and reformed by eradicating corrupt practices. New orders (Capuchin, Theatine, and Ursuline) were created as well. Jesuits were among the new orders. They established schools that have a lot of humanist educational methods, converted many non-believers to the faith, and fought Protestantism. 2nd Paragraph: The reform of the papacy helped advance the Catholic Reformation. Pope Paul III advocated for reform, making reformers into cardinals, such as Cardinal Carrafa. He summoned various councils, such as the one in Trent, in order to cleanse the papacy out of corruption. When Paul III died, Cardinal Carrafa, now Pope Paul IV, took over, and he increased the power of the papacy so much that some people consider him as the first true pope of the Counter-Reformation Period. He increased the authority of the Roman Inquisition to the point that there was to be no compromise with the Protestants. He also created the Index of Forbidden Books, books that Catholics aren't allowed to read, including Protestant works. 3rd Paragraph: The reaffirmation of Catholic teachings helped complete the Catholic Reformation. The Catholic Clergy convened in a series of meetings in Trent to resolve the doctrinal differences. Moderates, who want compromise, and conservatives, who don't, debated each other during the Council of Trent, and after a while, the conservatives won. Although some reforms were made, the Catholic Church reaffirmed most of their beliefs, such as the 7 sacraments, the indulgences, and transubstantiation. The Council of Trent helped the Catholics to possess a clear doctrine and strengthened unity within the Catholic Church.

Charles V (short answer)

Charles was a hard core catholic. He felt very threatened by the lutherans because they had formed the Schmalkaldic League. The Schmalkaldic League was a military alliance of Lutheran princes within the Holy Roman Empire during the mid-16th century. He was well known for fighting the French and the Ottoman Empire

Erasmus

Dutch humanist and theologian who was the leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe. He was line of the most influential Christian humanists. He formulated and popularized the reform program of Christian humanism. Also, he traveled to escape trouble; France, England, Italy, Germany, and Switzerland. He sought to restore Christianity to the early simplicity found in the teachings of Jesus. Lastly, he made common-sense criticism of the abuses in the church.

John Calvin (short answer)

He adhered to the doctrine of justification by faith alone to explain how humans achieved salvations. Calvin also placed much emphasis on the absolute sovereignty of God or the power, grace, and glory of God. He became the most determined of all the Protestant reformers because he was so convinced of the inner guidance of God.

Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre

In August of 1572 after the wedding of Henry of Navarre and the sister of Charles IX, murders unleashed a wave of violence that gripped the city of Paris. The Guise family persuaded the King and his mother that the gathering of Huguenots at the wedding posed as a threat to them. The king decided to eliminate the Huguenot leader. He believed that a war would have broken out eventually.

Why did Europeans begin to embark on voyages of discovery and expansion at the end of the 15th century?

In the Middle Ages, literature works- such as The Travels of John Mandeville fantasized about "new worlds" beyond Europe. Some stories told tales of gold, giants, and evil women, while others enticed with magical Christian Kingdoms. After the success of Marco Polo, merchants, adventurers, and governments had hopes of finding new trade, and an economic motive swept across Europe. In the sixteenth century, religion was a founding compartment of the society. Europeans thought that they must travel and "bring God as many souls" as they could.The theory of "God, Glory, and Gold" motivated Europeans to seek out land beyond their nations. They creation of maps and advanced technology of ships make these journeys possible.

Zwingli

Leader of Swiss Reformation. Agreed to disagree with Luther about communion. He thought it was only a symbol, and that it wasn't Christ's body or blood untill it touched your mouth, only symbolic. Found on the battlefield of the Swiss Civil War wounded and the Lutherans found him, cut him up into little pieces, then burn them and scattered the ashes over the land. Luther said Zwingli got what he deserved. He was greatly inspired by christian humanism. He became a priest and through his preaching he began the reformation in Switzerland.

What was mercantilism, and what was its relationship to colonial empires?

Mercantilism was an economic theory that held that a niche and prosperity depended on it supply of gold and silver and that the total volume of trade is unchangeable, it's adherence advocated that the government's play an active role in the economy by encouraging the exports and discouraging imports. This cause. Colonization to increase because of the yearn for metals

Pope Paul III (1534-1549)

Paul III was one of the first popes who believed that the papal court should become the center of reform movement rather than its chief opponent. He and other likeminded clergy men understood that the church needed to be reformed. He supported the education of the clergy and created the Holy Office and called for the council at Trent. Initiates the counter-Reformantion. He appointed his family members cardinals in order to oversee the politics. He even recognized the Jesuits and perceived the need for change.

What role did politics, economic and social conditions, and religion play in the European wars of the 16th century?

Politics: Due to growing monarchical power, towns, provinces, and Calvinist nobles ganged up on French monarchy, halting the centralized monarchy. (Politiques: a group who emerged during the French Wars of Religion in the sixteenth century, placed politics above religion, and believed that no religious truth was worth the ravages of civil war.) Economic and Social conditions: Religion: French Wars of Religion (Huguenots vs. Guise vs. Valois): since the Catholics greatly outnumbered the Calvinists, Catholics don't see why they should compromise. Saint Bartholomew Day's Massacre: Guise ordered massacre of Huguenots, triggering French Wars.

How did the arrival of the Dutch, British, and French on the world scene in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries affect Africa, Southeast Asia, India, China, and Japan? What were the main features of the African slave trade, and what effects did it have on Africa?

The Dutch, British, and friends moved to replace the Portuguese and Spanish in create their own colonial empires. The Dutch seized Portuguese forts in created the Dutch East India Company. In Africa they treated slaves in team sugar with Europeans. Triangular trade connected Europe, Africa, in the Americas. Slave trade ahead high mortality rates from labor, increased warfare and violence, and lost faith in religion. Since the Dutch and English were better finance then the Portuguese Anisa they were conquered. They treated with India as well as China

Huguenots

The Huguenots were French Protestants that came from all levels of society. They were a very strong willed and organized minority. They were a large threat the Guise family who were extremely Catholic, which caused the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre. Because they made up 40-50% of French nobility, it made them even more dangerous politically.

How did Portugal and Spain acquire their overseas empires, and how did their empires differ?

The Portuguese came to Africa and sold slaves. They leased land from local rulers and created stone forts along the coast of Africa to find gold. In India, Portuguese discovered spices. They destroyed Indian ships and created a blockade to start their trade. After a bloody battle ending in Portugal seizing land, they launched their expeditions further east, and in no time, they had a spice empire. Portugal had military superiority, and they were able to obtain land through their guns and seamanship.Spain sent Christopher Columbus off to explore. When we thought he was in India, he discovered an entire new nation- the Americas. This was an entire ew place to acquire land. Spain also pillaged the cities of Aztec civilisation, and then proceeded to take over their already-built land.Portuguese traveled east and Spain west. Spain was colonial elite while Portugal was military elite.

Council of Trent (1545-1563)

The council of Trent was made up of Cardinals and archbishops that were in favor of catholicism. The council met intermittently on 3 major occasions. The council affirmed scriptures and traditional religious matters. They hoped to formulate doctrinal definitions that would encourage Protestants to return to the church.

Millenarianism

The doctrine of or belief in a future thousand-year age of blessedness, beginning with or culminating in the Second Coming of Christ. Believed in the end of the world. John of Zeiden became king, was to take over the world and purge the world by the sword.

What were the chief ideas of the Christian humanists, and how did they differ from the ideas of the Protestant reformers?

The new classical learning that was part of the Italian Renaissance humanism spread to the mother Europe and spawned a movement called Christian humanism. They cultivated a knowledge of classics by studying works of antiquity early Christian fathers (Saints Augustine, Ambrose, and Jerome); felt that through education in the sources of Classical, and especially Christian, antiquity, they could instill a true inner religious feeling that would reform the church and society (supported schools as a result, brought out new editions of classics, and prepared new editions of the Bible and writings of the church fathers). They pushed for human beings to reason and improve themselves through these things. Erasmus: formulated and popularized the reform program of Christian humanism. The Handbook of the Christian Knight, he emphasized inner piety and de-emphasized the external forms of religion (such as the sacraments, pilgrimages, fasts, veneration of saints, and relics). He edited the Greek text of the New Testament from the earliest available manuscripts and published it, along with a new Latin translation. He valued education so much and wanted people to learn the language to be able to read the Bible for themselves and realize how corrupt the church was. He felt that Christ would never just lay it out for people. People needed to actually understand the stories. Religion was a guide not a specific practice and service. His writings were banned by the church because the church felt that his writings were causing all of the violence of the reformers. Erasmus did not want violence. His purpose for publishing his works were to try and clean up the church not get rid of it. He was one of the few that was not executed because he was able to show and use evidence within the actual Bible to prove his position. Thomas More: lord chancellor of England. A devout man, he spent many hours in prayer and private devotions. His book Utopia reflects his own concerns with the economic, social, and political problems of his day. He presented a new social system in which cooperation and reason replaced power and fame as the proper motivating agents for human society. Utopian society, therefore, was based on communal ownership rather than private property. More willingly gave up his life opposing England's break with the Roman Catholic Church over the divorce of King Henry VIII. They differ from the Christian reformers in that while the Christian humanists want to bring back the simplicity of the old church, the reformers want to change the corrupt practices of the church. Church and Religion on the Eve of the Reformation: Corruption within the church was what spurred people to want a reform. People were not receiving comfort or spiritual leadership from the church. Pluralism was corrupting much of the church and the search for salvation began. The salvation process became almost mechanical. As more and more people sought certainty of salvation through veneration of relics, collections of such objects grew. Frederick the Wise amassed more than 19,000 relics. People also turned to Modern Devotion (mysticism), which downplayed religious dogma and stressed the need to follow the teachings of Jesus. The deepening of religious life, especially in the second half of the 15th century, found little echo among the worldly-isle clergy, and this environment helps explain the tremendous and immediate impact of Luther's ideas. At the same time, several sources of reform were already at work within the Catholic Church. Especially noticeable were the calls for reform from the religious orders of the Franciscans, Dominicans, and Augustinians. One of the most popular preachers was Johannesburg Geiger of Kaisersberg, who denounced the corruption of the clergy. The Oratory of Divine Love also took part in speaking out about the need for a reform. This group was different because they were not religious but actually just an informal group who worked to foster reform through personal spiritual development and outward acts of charity.

Philip Melanchthon (1497-1560)

Went to Wittenberg around the year of 1518. he went there to teach Greek and Hebrew to the people there. While in Wittenberg, Luthers teaching immediately caught his eye and he became a great supporter. He later started to work alongside Luther.

Luther

While Luther was in the monastery, Luther focused on his major concern, the assurance of salvation. He translated the Bible into German. He also wrote the 95 Theses. He believed the most important part of Christianity is having faith. Lastly, Luther did not encourage violence, but encourage peace.

Ignatius of Loyola

was a Spanish nobleman who had founded The Society of Jesus. He had gone through the same spiritual and religious torment as Martin Luther. Instead of becoming a soldier of the military, he became a soldier of God and set the rest of his to praying, pilgrimages, going to school, and teaching others. He created the group of people called Jesuits, who established schools in order to teach people.