Chapter 13- 1&2
What brought upon the Korean War?
- communist Korean government organized in the north, American-backed government controlled the south (both claimed authority over Korea and border clashes were common) -Soviets help North Korea build an army and invade the South Korean forces - Truman ordered the UN, American naval and aircraft into action; ordered MacArthur to send American troops from Japan to Korea
What brought upon the Korean War?
- communist Korean government organized in the north, American-backed government controlled the south (both claimed authority over Korea) -Soviets help North Korea build an army and invade the South Korean forces - Truman ordered the UN, American naval and aircraft into action; ordered MacArthur to send American troops from Japan to Korea
How long did the Cold War last for?
1946-1990
What was NATO- the North Atlantic treaty organization ?
A mutual defense alliance with Western Europe against soviet aggression; included 12 countries- US, Canada, Britain, France, Italy, Belgium, Denmark, Portugal, the Netherlands, Norway, Luxembourg, Iceland NATO members agreed to come to the aid of any member who was attacked
Which countries are the 5 permanent members of the UN security council?
Britain, france, china, soviet union, US (each have veto power)
What occurred after China fell to communism?
China and the Soviet Union signed a treaty of friendship and alliance
Why did China enter the war? What occurred?
China saw the advancing UN troops as a threat and warned them to halt their advance, UN troops ignored and Chinese forces crossed the Yalu River, Chinese troops drove the UN troops back across the 38th parallel
What was the Long telegram?
Diplomat George Kennan's view on the Soviet Union and his response to their behavior and refusal to cooperate. He discussed that because of communist ideals, we would never reach a permanent settlement with them. In his opinion, the Soviet System had major economic and political weaknesses. Kennan proposed containment of communism
What crisis occurred in Iran?
During WW2, the US had troops in southern Iran while the Soviets had troops in northern Iran to secure a supply line from the Persian gulf. Instead of withdrawing after the war as promised, the Soviets remained in northern Iran and demanded access from Iran's oil supplies; Soviets helped local communists establish a separate government US response- Secretary of State sent a strong message to Stalin demanding that Soviet forces withdraw; the battleship USS Missouri sailed into the eastern Mediterranean anf put pressure among the Soviets Soviet forces withdrew
Why was the United Nations (UN) created? Who was apart of the UN and describe their positions?
FDR believed a new international political organization could prevent another world war; General assembly: every member nation in the world would have one vote; vote on resolutions and choose the non-permanent members of the Security Council Security council: 11 members, responsible for international peace and security
What was discussed at the Yalta conference? What compromise was reached?
FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at yalta to determine how to organize postwar Europe; key issue discussed: Poland; After soviet troops liberated Poland from German control, Polish communists encouraged to set up new government ; as a result 2 governments claimed the right to govern Poland: one communist and one non-communist FDR and Churchill argued that the Poles should be free to choose their own government, Stalin opposed Compromise- FDR and Churchill agreed to recognize the polish government set up by the soviets and free elections would be held
Who formed the federal republic of germany aka west Germany? Why was it formed?
Formed by the US, Britain and France by merging their German zones and allowing Germans to have their own government US saw Germany as the key to prevent communism expansion in Europe; goal was to help Germany's economic recovery
What other country was discussed at the yalta conference? What agreements were reached?
Germany- 3 leaders agreed to divide Germany into 4 zones, each one controlled by Britain, US, Soviet Union and France; the capital city of Berlin was also divided into the 4 zones Germany also could pay war reparations with trade goods and products, industrial machinery, railroad cars, equipment etc, half of which would go to the Soviet Union (US against this)
What crisis occurred in Greece? How did America respond?
Greek communists launched a guerilla war against Greek government; British troops helped fight the guerillas, but they informed the US that they could not afford to help Greece US response- Truman went to congress to ask for $400mil to fight communist aggression in Greece and turkey
After Eisenhower was elected president, how did he end the war?
He hinted to the Chinese that the US might use a bye clear attack in Korea, threat worked, armistice signed
What was general Douglas MacArthurs mission in occupying Japan?
His mission was to introduce democracy and keep Japan for threatening war again; the US adopted policies to encourage the rapid recovery of Japan's industrial economy
What was the goal of the policy of containment?
Keeping communism within its present territory through diplomatic, economic and military actions
Why did Truman fire MacArthur?
MacArthur was furious and demanded approval to expand the war against China; he asked for a blockade of Chinese ports, and the bombing of Chinese cities with atomic weapons Truman refused MacArthur's demands, MacArthur persisted and publicly criticized Truman; Truman fired MacArthur for insubordination
Who led the communist forces in China? Who led the nationalist government?
Mao Zedong; Chiang Kai-Shek
What happened as a result of the invasion at the port of Inchon ordered by MacArthur?
North Koreans surprised; Truman pursued the North Koreans beyond the 38t parallel north to the Yalu River (border with china)
What happened as a result of the invasion at the port of Inchon ordered by MacArthur?
North Koreans surprised; Truman pursued the North Koreans beyond the 38th parallel, pushing north to the Yalu River (border with china)
What was the "iron curtain"?
Phrase coined by Churchill that described the communist takeover in Eastern Europe. It was the political and military barrier that isolated Soviet- controlled countries of Eastern Europe after world war 2
Name the satellite communist nations in Eastern Europe under the Soviet unions indirect control.
Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Czechoslovakia (must remain communist and friendly to the Soviet Union)
What was the Marshall plan?
Postwar Europe faced many economic problems-starvation and political chaos; Secretary of State George C. Marshall proposed the European Recovery Program (aka the Marshall Plan) which would give European nations American aid to rebuild their economies; this plan pumped billions of dollars in supplies, machinery and food into Western Europe
What is SEATO?
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization- US signed defense agreements with Japan, South Korea , Taiwan
SEATO
Southeast Asia treaty organization
What was the Berlin Airlift? What did it symbolize for the American people?
Soviet troops blockaded West Berlin to force the US to give up West Berlin. Truman sent bombers to bases in Britain and ordered the Air Force to fly supplies into Berlin (to avoid war with Soviets); after a year Stalin lifted the blockade The airlift symbolized American determination to contain communism and not give into Soviet demands
What occurred at the Potsdam conference? What is its importance?
Stalin and Truman met at Potsdam to workout a deal on Germany. Truman- convinced that industry was critical to Germany's survival (and the rest of Europe), or else the nation may turn to communism; Truman was firmly against reparations and insisted that Germany had to recover Stalin- convinced the Soviet Union needed reparations from Germany (because of the Soviet unions devastated economy); soviet troops had begun stripping their zone in Germany of its machinery and equipment (Stalin wanted more reparations)
What was Stalins plan after withdrawing from Iran? How did America respond?
Stalin moved onto Turkey, there the straits of the Dardanelles were a vital route from Soviet ports on the Black Sea to the Mediterranean. He demanded joint control of the Dardanelles with Turkey. US Response- Truman ordered a new aircraft carrier to join the battleship in protecting Turkey and the eastern Mediterranean.
Where did the defeated nationalists flee to? What did the victories communists establish?
Taiwan; the People's republic of China
What caused tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States?
Tensions occurred when Stalin demanded that Germans pay heavy war reparations for the war damages it had caused; the United States was against removing infrastructure equipment from Germany as reparations; the US accused the Soviets of violating the declaration of liberated Europe; the Soviets also did not intend to hold free elections in Poland as promised
Where did the allies divide Korea at the end of world war 2?
The 38th parallel of latitude ; Soviets controlled the north, US controlled the south
What did the Soviet zone become?
The German Democratic Republic or East Germany
What occurred after China fell to communism?
The Peoples Republic of China and the Soviet Union signed a treaty of friendship and alliance
How did the US attempt to prevent a communist revolution in Asia?
The US sent the nationalist government (led by Chiang Kai-Shek) $2bil in aid beginning in the 1940s; because the nationalists squandered this advantage through poor military planning and corruption ( communists captured Beijing), the US discontinued aid to nationalists
How did the US attempt to prevent a communist revolution in Asia?
The US sent the nationalist government (led by Chiang Kai-Shek) $2bil in aid beginning in the 1940s; because the nationalists squandered this advantage through poor military planning and corruption ( communists captured Beijing); the US discontinued aid to nationalists
What was the first UN human rights treaty made in response to the atrocities of world war 2?
The convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide (made genocide punishable internationally)
After reaching a compromise on Poland, the three leaders agreed to issue which declaration?
The declaration of liberated Europe- asserted that people have the right to choose the form of government under which they will live; the people of Europe would be allowed to create democratic institutions of their choice; will of the people
How did the Soviets respond to NATO?
They responded by organizing a military alliance in Eastern Europe known as the Warsaw Pact
After Stalin opposed Truman's suggestion, what does Truman offer Stalin to accept the agreement?
Truman offered Stalin a small amount of industrial equipment from the other zones, but required the Soviets to pay for part of it with food shipments. He also offered to accept the new German- polish border the Soviets had established. Also Truman hinted to Stalin that the US had its atomic bomb weapon, trying to bully him into a deal. (Stalin did not like proposal, but had to accept the terms)
What does Truman suggest the Soviets do about their demands for heavy war reparations from Germany ? Why does Stalin oppose this idea?
Truman suggested the Soviets take reparations from their zone, while the allies allowed industry to revive in other zones. Stalin opposed this idea since the Soviet zone was mostly agricultural
What was the Truman Doctrine?
Truman's speech to congress outlined a policy that came to be known as the Truman Doctrine- It's goal was to aid those who worked to resist being controlled by others (such as communists). It pledged the US would fight the spread of communism world wide
