chapter 13
A friend of yours says, "A 15-year-old high school student accused of shooting several classmates received a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder." Your accurate reply would be:
"No, the student is too young for that diagnosis."
The fact that children may learn antisocial behavior by modeling parental conflict and aggressiveness provides support for:
behavioral theory.
A client has enlarged brain ventricles and a measurable loss of gray matter. These symptoms are:
biological, and the most likely diagnosis is schizotypal personality disorder.
The childhood disorder that has been related to later antisocial personality disorder is:
conduct disorder.
A person who has an excessive need to be taken care of and is clingy is MOST likely to qualify for a diagnosis of:
dependent personality disorder.
Which is MOST characteristic of mass murderers?
feelings of persecution and desire for revenge
Schizotypal personality disorders differ from other "odd" personality disorders in that they are related to schizophrenia and:
mood disorders.
Schizoid personality disorder differs from paranoid personality disorder in that:
those with schizoid personality disorder desire to be alone; those with paranoid personality are alone because of suspiciousness.
With the help of a therapist, a client with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder has experienced a dramatic decrease in both dichotomous thinking and worrying. The client's behavior is:
uncommon; most with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder do not seek help, and this person is most likely receiving cognitive therapy.
The consistencies of one's characteristics are called:
personality traits.
Research has found that borderline personality disorder is more common among:
Hispanic Americans.
Which statement most accurately reflects up-to-date research on DSM-5 categories of personality disorder?
Individuals do not necessarily have to have very similar personalities to receive the same diagnosis.
Should drugs be used in the treatment of schizotypal personality disorder?
Maybe; in low doses, they seem to help some clients.
Which statement regarding the treatment of paranoid personality disorder is accurate?
Most therapies are of limited effectiveness and progress slowly.
Which statement is accurate regarding antisocial personality disorder?
Most who have it are not treated, and most who are treated are not helped much.
Which of the following is most likely to be a victim of a hate crime?
Shawn, an African American male
Which statement is true regarding the relationship between obsessive-compulsive disorder (an anxiety disorder) and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?
Some people with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder also experience obsessive- compulsive disorder.
Which is NOT a problem in the use of the DSM-5 to diagnose personality disorders?
The criteria are so restrictive that several categories rarely, if ever, are used.
Which statement is NOT generally true of those with antisocial personality disorder?
They care for no one's safety, except theirs and their children's.
How do personality disorders differ from the personality characteristics of typical people?
They lead to more maladaptive, distressful, and inflexible behaviors.
What is a common reason for the hospitalization of people with borderline personality disorder?
They may attempt suicide or otherwise hurt themselves.
Which statement BEST represents current knowledge about mass murderers?
We really don't know what causes mass murderers to act or how to treat them.
Gort's parents never quite liked him and probably did not want children in the first place. He just was not accepted. It was clear early in school that Gort had a low opinion of himself and did not know how to interact with other children. Now he cuts himself and has been to the ER several times. This is a description of the possible development of:
borderline personality disorder.
Psychodynamic theorists explain obsessive-compulsive personality disorder as a fixation at the:
anal stage.
A young boy's parents constantly tell him to "Be a man!" whenever he is in conflict with friends. In turn, his parents themselves often act aggressively toward each other and toward him. The theorist who would BEST be able to explain an adult diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder for this boy would be a _____ theorist.
behavioral
Assume a study of prison inmates diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder shows that they generally experience less anxiety than other people when they lie or "con" others. This outcome would most strongly support which theoretical position?
biological
The inability to accurately interpret one's internal biological emotional or physiological states is characteristic of both:
borderline personality disorder and eating disorders.
"The client scores low on extroversion and agreeableness but high on neuroticism. Looks like schizoid personality disorder to me." The therapist being quoted is using what instrument to make the diagnosis?
the "Big Five" personality test
"Be loyal to your family" was what the child heard all the time, along with "You shouldn't— and can't—do it on your own, so don't even try." A behaviorist would say this kind of upbringing would be MOST likely to produce which of the personality disorders in the child, when he or she reached adulthood?
dependent
Ty is fairly handsome but not as handsome as he thinks he is. He doesn't care about anyone but himself and is sure that everyone around him feels the same way. He is MOST likely experiencing:
narcissistic personality disorder.
Around _____ of adults attempt to hide or contain their anger.
40%
Around _____ of people in the United States are somewhat shy.
50%
"Group therapy is a good option for those with dependent personality disorder; they'll be able to observe others' coping skills and model them." This statement would MOST likely be made by a therapist having which theoretical perspective?
behavioral
A child who is severely criticized for acting independently, and who is praised for doing exactly what parents say to do, later develops dependent personality disorder. The therapist who would be LEAST surprised by this outcome would have which theoretical orientation?
behavioral
A client being treated for avoidant personality disorder must increase the number of social contacts per day. The person, at the least, must greet others with the sentence, "Hello; how are you doing?" MOST likely, the therapist has which theoretical background?
behavioral
Giving in to a child's refusal to comply with a parental request may inadvertently reinforce stubborn and defiant behavior, setting the scene for the development of antisocial personality disorder. This is most like a _____ view.
behavioral
When the seat belt light in DiDi's car stays on for a few extra seconds, she bursts into tears. She always craves attention and reacts to even the smallest event with an elaborate show of emotion. She probably could receive a diagnosis of:
histrionic personality disorder.
A belief that the news anchor on CNN is giving one important messages about one's behavior reflects:
ideas of reference.
Cognitive therapy for avoidant personality disorder focuses on:
increasing the client's tolerance of emotional discomfort and building up his or her self- image.
People with avoidant personality disorder have difficulty _____ relationships, while people with dependent personality disorder have difficulty _____ relationships.
initiating; ending
Cognitive theorists believe that because those with schizoid personalities have difficulty scanning the environment, perceiving accurately, and picking up emotional cues, they develop _____ very slowly.
language and motor skills
If instruments such as the "Big Five" are used to describe personality, rather than relying on DSM-5, then diagnoses of psychological disorder would become:
less categorical and more a matter of degree.
According to the DSM-5, a pattern diagnosed as a personality disorder must deviate substantially from the norms and expectations of the individual's culture. As a result:
little multicultural research has been conducted.
According to current research, if a person living in the United States is distrustful of both lawyers and congressional members, that type of person is:
common; most people in the United States distrust both lawyers and congressional members.
Which is NOT the name used for a cluster of personality disorders?
schizophrenic
Avoidant personality disorder seems MOST closely related to:
social anxiety.
Some multicultural theorists believe that borderline personality disorder is actually a reaction to persistent feelings of marginality, powerlessness, and social failure. If they are correct, then the disorder is a result of:
social inequalities.
The parents of those with schizoid personality disorder are MOST likely to have been:
unaccepting.
A group of diagnostic clinicians can't agree with each other on appropriate personality disorder diagnoses for several clients. In fact, it is obvious that, in many cases, they have inaccurately made their diagnoses. Assuming they are competent clinicians, this situation would indicate the DSM-5 categories for personality disorder are:
neither reliable nor valid.
A high school student asks a guidance counselor, parents, and friends for suggestions before deciding on a college to attend and on an academic major. This student's behavior is:
normal for those in high school.
One similarity of those experiencing paranoid personality disorder and those experiencing schizoid personality disorder is that they tend:
not to have close ties to others.
Some researchers note that the majority of those diagnosed with borderline personality disorder are female and that many of these women experienced emotional trauma, victimization, violence, and various forms of abuse as children. As a result, these researchers view the disorder as a special form of:
posttraumatic stress disorder.
Group therapy is particularly useful in the treatment of avoidant personality disorder, mainly because group therapy:
provides practice in social interactions.
"It is obvious that this case of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder arises from an early childhood fixation." Which type of psychologist would MOST likely have made that statement?
psychodynamic
Those diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder appear MORE responsive to which kinds of therapy?
psychodynamic and cognitive
Which have sociocultural theorists suggested as a cause for the emergence of borderline personality disorder?
rapid social change
If future editions of the DSM change to a dimensional approach in the diagnosis of personality disorders, clinicians will have to:
rate the degree of dysfunctioning caused by each person's traits in diagnosing personality disorders.
"That personality disorder has become so common, I encounter it almost every day in the emergency room." MOST likely, this doctor is talking about which personality disorder?
borderline
"There's nothing out there for me. I can't stand other people, and I can't stand myself, either. I'm just really mad right now." Such a statement would most likely be made by someone with which personality disorder?
borderline
An individual with a diagnosed personality disorder is emotionally unstable, impulsive, and reckless. This person's diagnosis is likely to be which personality disorder?
borderline
Lisa felt like she was on an emotional roller coaster. She felt angry and empty. Lisa's feelings are MOST similar to those of someone with which personality disorder?
borderline
"I can't work with that client!" says your friend, the psychotherapist. "As soon as I show any empathy at all, it becomes almost impossible to challenge the client, and the client keeps calling me at all hours of the day." MOST likely, this is a client with:
borderline personality disorder.
Dr. Marsha Linehan, the developer of dialectical behavior therapy, would have diagnosed her young adult self with:
borderline personality disorder.
Transported to the hospital after a suicide attempt, a man is later admitted to the hospital's psychiatric wing. His history showed other self-destructive behaviors and recklessness. MOST likely, if the man is diagnosed with a personality disorder, it will be:
borderline.
The DSM-5 identifies 10 personality disorders utilizing a:
categorical approach.
"The problem is that they assume they can't take care of themselves, so they think others have to meet their needs. This pattern of thinking is not very helpful in trying to deal with histrionic personality disorder." A psychologist from which perspective would agree MOST strongly with this quote?
cognitive
A person experiencing paranoid personality disorder frequently says things like "You've got to get them before they get you," and "People have been sinners since the Garden of Eden." If these sayings reflect maladaptive assumptions the person has about people in general, the theorist who would be LEAST surprised would have which theoretical position?
cognitive
An individual diagnosed with schizoid personality disorder reports having a great deal of difficulty figuring out how others feel and as a child had difficulty developing adequate language skills. These findings would make the MOST sense to a theorist with which background?
cognitive
The type of therapist MOST likely to try to help people diagnosed with histrionic personality disorder to believe they are not helpless, and to teach them better thinking skills, is a _____ therapist.
cognitive
"It is clear that very demanding parents caused this person to develop paranoid personality disorder." This statement MOST likely would be made by someone from which theoretical perspective?
psychodynamic
The absence of parental love results in emotional detachment and the use of power to form relationships. This is most likely _____ personality disorder.
psychodynamic
The theorist who describes schizoid personality disorder as developing from coping with parental rejection by avoiding relationships represents the:
psychodynamic perspective.
If a person primarily fears close social relationships, one would MOST likely conclude that the person is experiencing:
avoidant personality disorder.
About _____ of adults openly express their anger.
20%
About _____ of people regularly check their reflections in store windows or similar mirrors.
20%
The term "borderline" was introduced by _____ in 1938.
Adolph Stern
This cluster of personality disorders includes avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.
Anxious
Characteristics of the Virginia Tech shooter reveal that he:
displayed a combination of features from many personality disorders.
According to psychodynamic theorists, an important factor in the development of avoidant personality disorder is:
early experiences of shame.
A person primarily concerned with his or her own interests is (a/an) _____.
egoist
A person with an inflated sense of self-worth is (a/an) _____.
egotist
Someone who lies on occasion would be considered a(n) _____.
everyday liar
Which marks an individual as a pseudocommando?
expecting to be killed while committing mass murder
The category of "odd" personality disorders includes the traits of:
extreme suspiciousness, social withdrawal, and cognitive and perceptual peculiarities.
When dialectical behavior therapy is used with patients with borderline personality disorder, those patients, compared to patients receiving other forms of therapy, make:
far fewer suicide attempts and are hospitalized less often.
The authors of DSM-5 have designed their own dimensional approach in diagnosing personality disorders for possible inclusion in future revisions of the DSM. The idea is that individuals whose traits significantly impair their functioning should receive a diagnosis of:
personality disorder—trait specified.
Currently, the "Big Five" approach to personality disorders is:
the recipient of recognition, with a great amount of research being done on it.
Which does dialectical behavior therapy NOT emphasize?
the use of antipsychotic medications in an outpatient setting
"Let's try to figure out where clients fall on several key personality traits, rather than using a dichotomous classification system." Someone saying this would MOST likely favor which approach to classifying personality disorders?
a dimensional approach
The lack of multicultural research is of special concern with regard to:
borderline personality disorder.
If parents excessively reinforce clinging and punish attempts at independence, the result might be the development of:
dependent personality disorder.
Personality disorders are most likely to be diagnosed among:
males.
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder is MOST common among:
men with jobs.
Although lying, even compulsive lying, is not considered a psychological disorder, it is sometimes characteristic of people with:
narcissistic personality disorder.
The five traits to be included in future revisions of the DSM-5 that utilize a dimensional approach in diagnosing personality disorders are:
negative affectivity, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition, psychoticism.
One especially good reason to use a form of group therapy in the treatment of dependent personality disorder is that:
the group members can model appropriate behaviors and expression of feelings to one another.
Like those with paranoid personality disorder, those with avoidant personality disorder usually:
are very sensitive to criticism and avoid close relationships.
Assume you have to give an in-class presentation about narcissistic personality disorder. What is an accurate statement about treatment for this disorder?
"No form of therapy is clearly better than the others."
Which statement is accurate, in terms of current research findings?
"Odd" personality disorders and schizophrenia are related to one another.
A friend asks your advice about the MOST effective therapy to use for treating borderline personality disorder. Your BEST answer is:
"Research suggests that dialectical behavior therapy is the most effective."
A friend says to you, "He must have antisocial personality disorder; look how careful he is about his own well-being but how careless he is about others' safety." Your MOST accurate reply would be:
"You're partly right; most people with antisocial personality disorder are careless about their own safety, as well as the safety of others."
Which category of personality disorder contains the disorders MOST commonly diagnosed?
"dramatic"
As part of their therapy, clients learn to evaluate their unusual thoughts, track the accuracy of "magical" predictions, and reconnect with the world and with their limitations. The diagnoses of these clients would MOST likely be in which broad category of personality disorder?
"odd"
Comorbidity describes a situation in which:
=two disorders occur together in an individual
Which would a phrenologist MOST likely have done?
assessed personality by feeling for bumps and indentations on the head
Elena can't seem to establish social ties because she is afraid of being embarrassed or appearing foolish. She is easily hurt by criticism and is not willing to go into unfamiliar situations. She may be experiencing:
avoidant personality disorder.
_____ therapy generally provides the least help for those with schizoid personality disorder.
Drug
A client is searching for the BEST treatment for borderline personality disorder. Will drug treatment be effective if it is the only intervention the client receives?
No; drugs should be used along with psychotherapy, if used at all.
Only 23 percent of adults report openly expressing their anger. Should they?
No; ironically, venting appears to make people angrier.
Cruelty to animals and people, destruction of property, and truancy before the age of 15:
are characteristic of those later diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder.
One reason that the personality disorders are difficult to treat is that the afflicted individuals:
are frequently unaware that they have a problem.
Studies of those diagnosed with borderline personality disorder show that:
about 75 percent attempt suicide at least once in their lives, and about 10 percent succeed.
Which would MOST clearly fit into the biosocial theory of the development of borderline personality disorder?
an individual who has difficulty controlling internal emotions and parents who mislabel those emotions
An adult has been jailed for the third time for fraud; each time it has been for persuading investors to put money into a phony silver mine. If the adult has received a DSM-5 diagnosis, it is MOST likely either:
antisocial personality disorder or a substance-related disorder.
Ben set up an elaborate scheme to mine gold in the Rockies. He had a large town meeting and made a presentation of his stock. The shares were only $5 each, and everyone could afford them. He showed pictures of the mine and explained how the company expected to gross $100 million each month. As it turns out, he was a terrific con artist who had made several "successful" proposals such as this in towns across America in the last couple of years. He is MOST likely suffering from:
antisocial personality disorder.
Sarah respects none of society's boundaries and is insensitive to other people, frequently violating their rights. She does not consider the consequences of her actions. She MOST probably experiences:
antisocial personality disorder.
If an individual has damage to the prefrontal cortex, which symptom would MOST likely be observed?
deficits in planning, self-control, and decision making
DSM-5 has been described as functioning like a light switch, which can be "on" or "off." In other words, one either does or does not qualify for a personality disorder diagnosis. Some theorists suggest that degree of symptoms, not symptom absence or presence, is more important and similar to a:
dimmer switch, with the light adjustable from all the way off to all the way on.
"Beatlemania" gripped the United States in the 1960s when the British rock group The Beatles performed; adoring fans screamed, sometimes fainted, and shouted exaggerated, em
histrionic personality disorder.
A person constantly strives to be the center of attention, yet the ideas the person so eloquently expresses are usually shallow and changeable. If this person were diagnosed with a personality disorder, it MOST likely would be:
histrionic.
Which is NOT a criticism of DSM-5 diagnoses of personality disorders?
incorporating new research into the new edition
Biologically speaking, if one wanted to treat antisocial personality disorder, one would want to _____ the individual with the disorder.
increase the anxiety level of
Based on a structured interview, Diagnostician A classifies an individual's personality disorder in the "odd" cluster. Based on another structured interview of the same type, Diagnostician B classifies an individual's personality disorder in the "dramatic" cluster. If what is described here is typical of what happens when that variety of structured interview is used, one would say the structured interview has:
low reliability and high validity.
The "flower children" of the 1960s and 1970s have sometimes been called the "me" generation, reflecting the supposed self-centered individualism of the time. If this is true, a sociocultural theorist would predict a larger-than-usual percentage of which kind of personality disorder among the aging "me" generation?
narcissistic
A client is initially very resistant to therapy, cannot acknowledge weaknesses, and ignores feedback. MOST likely, the client is experiencing:
narcissistic personality disorder and will not make much progress in therapy.
"I am the greatest!" a famous boxer declared loudly and often. Had he in fact acted throughout his adult life as though he were the greatest, the most appropriate diagnosis would be:
narcissistic personality disorder.
The personality disorder that is characterized by the need for undying love and admiration is:
narcissistic.
A therapist treating a client diagnosed with borderline personality disorder came up with the following analysis: the parents probably did not want children in the first place; the child just was not accepted; the child developed low self-esteem, dependency, and an inability to cope with separation. The therapist's theoretical orientation is probably:
object relations theory.
A patient receiving dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) for borderline personality disorder experiences an emotion that he or she realizes is inappropriate. Immediately after, the patient acts in a very different, appropriate, way. This DBT procedure is called:
opposite action.
Reese is distrustful of others and reacts quickly to perceived threats. Even though he has no evidence, he is sure his wife is unfaithful. He finds it almost impossible to forgive those he thinks have wronged him. Reese displays the characteristics of:
paranoid personality disorder.
If you wanted to write a book about a fictional character who is a "typical" example of antisocial personality disorder, you might have the character exhibit all of the following EXCEPT:
periods of very high anxiety.
An enduring, rigid pattern of inner experience and outward behavior that impairs the sense of self, emotional experiences, goals, capacity for empathy, and/or capacity for intimacy is termed:
personality disorder.
The set of uniquely expressed characteristics that influence behaviors, emotions, thoughts, and interactions that is unique to each individual is termed:
personality.
The categorical approach to personality disorders assumes that:
problematic personality traits are either present or absent.
A person who is LEAST likely to be affected by criticism or praise from other people is one suffering from:
schizoid personality disorder.
Wes has always been a loner. He has never much cared for being with other people and does not form relationships easily. He appears to be without emotion. Wes may be exhibiting:
schizoid personality disorder.
An individual has just received a diagnosis of paranoid personality disorder. That individual is MOST likely to have a parent or sibling who has:
schizophrenia.
The disorder that appears to be MOST closely related to the schizotypal personality disorder is:
schizophrenia.
A person who does poorly on a task called backward masking is MOST likely to be experiencing:
schizotypal personality disorder.
Digressive and vague language with loose associations accompanied by attention and concentration problems are characteristic of:
schizotypal personality disorder.
When Selina sees a report of a train wreck on television, she thinks that it is a sign that she should not take the train to work the next day and so decides to take the bus instead. If she has a diagnosable personality disorder, it is MOST likely:
schizotypal personality disorder.
If you believe that personality disorders are BEST understood as a matter of degree in difference from typical personality rather than as a specific diagnosis, you agree with:
the dimensional approach.
What aspect of dialectical behavior therapy relates to psychodynamic theory?
the emphasis on the patient-therapist relationship
The strong relationship between antisocial personality disorder and substance abuse means that:
there are high rates of substance abuse among those with antisocial personality disorder.
You might suspect an "era of narcissism" is approaching for a country when:
there is increasing emphasis on self-expression and competitiveness.
The MOST important similarity among the personality disorders listed in the text is that:
they are inflexible, maladaptive, and related to impaired functioning or distress.
Behavioral and cognitive theorists propose that people who develop narcissistic personality disorder may have been treated:
too positively in early life.