Chapter 13

Somatic sensory receptors receive information from the skin about touch, pain, and temperature. True False

True

Neuronal pools are defined on the basis of ________. the location of the neurons the number of neurons present the diameter of the axons function rather than on anatomical grounds anatomy rather than on functional grounds

function rather than on anatomical grounds

If an axon ________, the impulse will be conducted ________. is shorter in length; less rapidly has a larger diameter; more rapidly has more myelination; more slowly is longer in length; more rapidly has a smaller diameter; more rapidlyy

has a larger diameter; more rapidly

When a stimulus is applied to the axon, it produces a temporary change in the ________ of the axolemma in a localized area of the axon. permeability glandular activity temperature sensation Wallerian degeneration neural regeneration

permeability

Which of the following are most closely involved with somatic sensory neurons? exteroceptors visceral sensory neuron sproprioceptors bipolar neuron sinteroceptors

exteroceptors

A neuron in which the dendrite and axonal processes are continuous, and the cell body lies off to one side is called a bipolar neuron. True False

False

A somatic motor neuron also controls smooth and cardiac muscles. True False

False

Exteroceptors provide sensations of deep pressure and pain, as well as the sense of taste. True False

False

The significant organizational differences between the neural tissue of the CNS and that of the PNS are primarily due to differences in the neuron cell populations. True False

False

The surface of the brain is called the ________. white matter neural cortex higher center neuronal nuclei basal nuclei

Neural cortex

The ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord are lined by ependymal cells, which are cuboidal to columnar in form and have slender processes that branch extensively. True False

True

Collections of axons in the CNS that have a common origin and destination are called ________. nerves centers nuclei ganglia tracts

tracts

The portion of a neuron that carries information in the form of a nerve impulse (action potential) is called the ________. soma dendrite Nissl body axon myelin

axon

The anatomical subdivisions of the nervous system are (the) ________. central and peripheral nervous systems appendicular and axial nervous systems autonomic and somatic nervous systems dorsal and ventral nervous systems None of the answers are correct.

central and peripheral nervous systems

The cell body usually has several branching ________, which are specialized to respond to specific stimuli in the extracellular environment. astrocytes soma satellite cells dendrites axons

dendrites

Muscle cells, gland cells, and specialized cells that respond to neural stimuli are called ________. effectors dendrites axons reflexes receptors

effectors

Nonvesicular synapses, also termed ________, are found between neurons in both the CNS and the PNS. neuromuscular synapses neuroendocrine synapses electrical synapses chemical synapses All of the answers are correct.

electrical synapses

Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by ________. satellite cells Schwann cells astrocytes oligodendrocytes ependymal cells

ependymal cells

Bundles of neurofilaments, called ________, are cytoskeletal elements that extend into the dendrites and the axon. telodendria collaterals terminal arborizations neurofibrils Nissl bodies

neurofibrils

The cells responsible for information processing and transfer are the ________. neuroglia Schwann cells neurons astrocytes All of the answers are correct.

neurons

Areas of a myelinated axon that are not covered by myelin are called ________. nodes gray matter white matter internodes All of the answers are correct.

nodes

Neurotransmitters are ________. released from the postsynaptic membrane to the presynaptic membrane produced by astrocytes stored in synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic membrane produced on command released only at electrical synapses

stored in synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic membrane

Which of the following structures do not contribute to the coarse grainy appearance of the perikaryon of a neuron? free and fixed ribosomes mitochondria smooth endoplasmic reticulum rough endoplasmic reticulum All of the answers are correct.

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Receptors may be classified as ________. effectors and musclessomatic and visceralglands and musclessubconscious and consciousvoluntary and involuntary

somatic and visceral

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease that affects voluntary skeletal muscles. True False

true

The type of synapse that allows the most direct communication between cells, and therefore the fastest communication, is the ________ synapse. neuromuscular neuroendocrine electrical chemical vesicular

vesicular

________ monitor the position and movement of skeletal muscles and joints Exteroceptors Proprioceptors Nissl bodies Visceral sensory neurons Interoceptors

Proprioceptors

Electrical synapses are unique, because they have ________. neurotransmitter release receptor proteins a communicating junction two interacting neurons only a postsynaptic membrane

a communicating junction

Axons connecting the ganglion cells with the peripheral effectors are called ________. afferent fibers efferent fibers preganglionic fibers ganglionic fibers postganglionic fibers

postganglionic fibers

The central nervous system (CNS) includes the ________. nerves only brain only nerves and muscles brain and spinal cord spinal cord only

brain and spinal cord

In the PNS, the neuron cell bodies are found in clusters called ________. ganglia columns tracts nuclei white matter

ganglia

Satellite cells surround the cell bodies of peripheral neurons, which can be found in (the) ________. ganglia nuclei roots peripheral centers All of the answers are correct.

ganglia

All somatic neuromuscular synapses utilize ________. serotonin norepinephrine acetylcholine dopamine epinephrine

acetylcholine

Glial cells are roughly ________ times more prevalent than neurons. 15 5 10 72

5

The rate of conduction of a nerve impulse depends upon ________. the type of neurotransmitter present properties of the soma of the neuron the number of cell dendrites the presence or absence of a myelin sheath All of the answers are correct.

the presence or absence of a myelin sheath

Functions of the nervous system include which of the following? integrating and processing data regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular activities receives sensory input; coordinates sensory input and motor output seat of higher functions, such as intelligence, memory, learning, and emotions All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Interneurons ________. are responsible for the analysis of sensory inputs and the coordination of motor output sare located entirely within the brain and spinal cord can be classified as excitatory or inhibitory on the basis of their effects on the postsynaptic membranes of other neurons are located between sensory and motor neurons All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

Pathways that connect the CNS with effectors include ________. motor pathways efferent pathways descending pathways All of the answers are correct. None of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

________ is the ability of a plasma membrane to respond to an adequate stimulus. Propagation Membrane potential Excitability Wallerian degeneration Threshold stimulus

Excitability

The effects of a neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic membrane include which of the following? Upon stimulation, the membrane releases more neurotransmitter molecules. Neurotransmitter molecules are absorbed by the postsynaptic cell. The neurotransmitter floats around in the synaptic cleft. Excitatory or inhibitory responses result. None of the answers are correct.

Excitatory or inhibitory responses result.

During neural regeneration in the PNS as the neuron continues to recover, its axon grows into the injury site and the ________ wrap around it along its original path. satellite cells oligodendrocytes Schwann cells macrophages astrocytes

Schwann cells

A neuron, which has several dendrites and a single axon that may have one or more branches is a multipolar neuron. True False

True

A small neuron in which there are no anatomical clues to distinguish dendrites from axons is called an anaxonic neuron. True False

True

Astrocytes function in maintaining the blood-brain barrier, which isolates the CNS from the general circulation. True False

True

Visceral sensory receptors receive information from internal structures, such as smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, and respiratory and digestive organs. True False

True

Action potentials result from ________. neurons transporting neurotransmitters the opening of calcium gates the closing of ion channels a change in the membrane potential of axons All of the answers are correct.

a change in the membrane potential of axons

A neuronal pool is ________. a group of interconnected neurons with specific functions a group of neurons linked by electrical synapses a group of identical nerve cells a group of neurons linked by communicating junctions the group of neurons available to regenerate a damaged nerv

a group of interconnected neurons with specific functions

Over 50 different neurotransmitters have been identified, but the best known is ________. GABA glutamate acetylcholine epinephrine norepinephrine

acetylcholine

The neuromuscular synapse is a chemical synapse that releases the neurotransmitter ________. dopamine epinephrine acetylcholine serotonin norepinephrine

acetylcholine

Which of the following are examples of neuroeffector synapses? both neuromuscular synapse and neuroglandular synapseneuroneural synaps eneuroglandular synapse neuromuscular synapse neuroaxonic synapses

both neuromuscular synapse and neuroglandular synapse

In electrical synapses, nerve impulse transmission occurs between cells of the CNS and PNS without any delay due to ________. communicating junctions that permit the passage of ions between the cells the activity of Schwann cells the number of neurons in the chain the effects of an energy drink the presence of a neuromuscular synapse between the cells

communicating junctions that permit the passage of ions between the cells

When sensory neurons bring information into the CNS that is subsequently distributed to neuronal pools throughout the spinal cord and brain, the type of processing is known as ________. Serial processing divergence reverberation convergence parallel processing

divergence

The ________ division of the PNS sends motor information to muscles and glands. afferent sensory serial efferent parallel

efferent

The nervous system and the ________ system share important structural and functional characteristics, such as relying upon some form of chemical communication with targeted tissues and organs. endocrine immune circulatory lymphatic skeletal

endocrine

In the process known as Wallerian degeneration ________. the axon proximal to the injury deteriorates Schwann cells completely degenerate macrophages phagocytize the debris of damaged axons no trace is left of the path of the original axon that was damaged All of the answers are correct.

macrophages phagocytize the debris of damaged axons

Myelin is (a) ________. special cell that forms scar tissue after injury special area of the brain made of phospholipids cell body in the peripheral nervous system None of the answers are correct.

made of phospholipids

An inhibitory response ________. makes an action potential less likely makes an action potential more likely directly causes an action potential causes acetylcholine (ACh) release None of the answers are correct.

makes an action potential less likely

Oligodendrocytes ________. provide structural framework and myelinate the central nervous system (CNS) axons maintain the blood-brain barrier and provide structural support line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cordre move cell debris, wastes, and pathogens by phagocytosis regulate oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrient and neurotransmitter levels around neurons in ganglia

provide structural framework and myelinate the central nervous system (CNS) axons

Functions of the peripheral nervous system include ________. providing sensory information to the CNS onlycarrying motor commands to the peripheral tissues and systems onlyproviding sensory information to the CNS and carrying motor commands to the peripheral tissues and systemscarrying information up and down the spinal cordmaking higher order decisions to interpret sensory inputs

providing sensory information to the CNS and carrying motor commands to the peripheral tissues and systems

The functional classifications of neurons include ________, which carry information toward the CNS. axoplasmic neurons sensory neurons motor neurons interneurons All of the answers are correct.

sensory neurons

Injured neurons can fully recover their functional capabilities if ________. the cells can divide enough times to replace those that are lost the oxygen and nutrient supplies are restored within a period of a few minutes the cause of the damage is removed within a period of weeks All of the answers are correct. None of the answers are correct.

the oxygen and nutrient supplies are restored within a period of a few minutes

A communicating junction acts to facilitate ________. a change in the permeability of the postsynaptic membrane growth of Schwann cells the passage of neurotransmitters between cells the passage of ions between the cells All of the answers are correct.

the passage of ions between the cells

In the case of somatic neuromuscular neurons, the arrival of a nerve impulse at the axon terminal immediately triggers ________. long-lived effects at the synaptic membrane a change in the permeability of the postsynaptic plasma membrane the generation of an action potential in the axon the release of acetylcholine (ACh) at the presynaptic membrane an action potential

the release of acetylcholine (ACh) at the presynaptic membrane

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events at a synapse?(1) neurotransmitter release/diffusion(2) generation of action potential in the postsynaptic cell membrane(3) arrival of nerve impulse at an axon terminal in the presynaptic cell(4) removal of neurotransmitter molecules from receptors(5) binding of neurotransmitter to receptors 1, 5, 4, 2, 3 2, 3, 1, 4, 5 3, 1, 5, 4, 2 3, 1, 5, 2, 4 2, 3, 1, 5, 4

3, 1, 5, 2, 4

Oligodendrocytes are the largest and most numerous of the glial cells, having a variety of functions. True False

False

Neuroglia in the nervous system function to ________. process information in the nervous system act as phagocytes carry nerve impulses transfer nerve impulses from the brain to the spinal cord All of the answers are correct.

act as phagocytes

A connection between the brain and other organs and systems in the body is called a pathway. True False

True ???

To contact a Schwann cell, where would a microprobe have to be inserted in the nervous system? near or at a neuron cell body along any axon in the PNS, myelinated or not anywhere in the CNS alongside an unmyelinated axon in the CNS None of the answers are correct.

along any axon in the PNS, myelinated or not

If the CNS were susceptible to a drug that should not affect it, this might indicate damage to which of the following cells? ependymal cells satellite cells astrocytes Schwann cells microglia

astrocytes

Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands are regulated by the ________. sympathetic division somatic nervous system parasympathetic division central nervous system autonomic nervous system

autonomic nervous system

The area in a multipolar neuron that connects the cell body to the initial segment of the axon is called the ________. axoplasm Nissl body initial segment neurofibril axon hillock

axon hillock

Movement of nutrients, waste products, and organelles between the cell body and the synaptic terminals is a process called ________. neuroskeletal contraction axoplasmic transport axonal transport osmosis diffusion

axoplasmic transport

Which of the following neuroglia produce cerebrospinal fluid? astrocytes ependymal cells microglia oligodendrocytes satellite cells

ependymal cells

The process of reverberation involves ________. a negative feedback loop through nerve circuits a single repeat of a stimulus prior to extinction extension of collateral axons back toward the source of an impulse and further stimulation of the presynaptic neurons several neuronal pools processing information at one time All of the answers are correct.

extension of collateral axons back toward the source of an impulse and further stimulation of the presynaptic neurons

Because a neuron loses its centrioles during differentiation, ________. it loses its normal ability to produce a myelin sheath it is rendered incapable of dividing it cannot grow as quickly as neurons that retain their centrioles it is probably located in the PNSAll of the answers are correct.

it is rendered incapable of dividing

When an action potential develops in one location of an axon, ________. Schwann cells in the area begin to divide and form a solid cellular cord it will regenerate the threshold stimulus at the originating location on the same axon it will propagate faster along the smaller unmyelinated fibers it will propagate along the length of the axon toward the axon terminals it will stimulate astrocytes to release chemicals

it will propagate along the length of the axon toward the axon terminals

A neuron might be temporarily unable to transmit an impulse to another neuron or effector if ________. there are too many astrocytes present its supply of neurotransmitters is exhausted the neurons are of different types the levels of microglia are too low the neurotransmitter is inhibitory

its supply of neurotransmitters is exhausted

A biopsy of infected or injured tissue from the CNS will most likely show an elevated number of ________. oligodendrocytes ependymal cells microglia interneurons satellite cells

microglia

Which of the following selections lists only types of neuroglial cells? microglia, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells astrocytes and parenchymal cells merocrine, platelet, and ependymal cells apocrine and exocrine cells None of the answers are correct.

microglia, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells

If the point of an extremely small probe were passed into a satellite cell, it would be located in which region of the nervous system? near the lining of the ventricles of the brain near a cell body in a ganglion of the PNS near the axon of a neuron in the CNS at a neuromuscular synapse None of the answers are correct.

near a cell body in a ganglion of the PNS

Which of the following is gray matter? bundles of axons in the PNS nerves tracts columns neural cortex

nerves

The nervous system includes all of the ________ tissue in the body. muscle neural connective epithelial skeletal

neural

At a chemical synapse, the neurons communicate via ________. internodes terminal arborizations nodes communicating junctions neurotransmitters

neurotransmitters

Collections of neuron cell bodies in the interior of the CNS form larger groups called ________. reverberating neurons spinal nerves nuclei cranial nerves columns

nuclei

A type of information processing wherein information is relayed in a stepwise sequence, from one neuron to another or from one neuronal pool to the next, is called ________. serial processing reverberation parallel processing convergence divergence

serial processing

Microglia are (the) ________. not a neuroglial cell smallest neuroglial cell neuroglial cells that wrap the axons with a myelin sheath most numerous neuroglial cell None of the answers are correct.

smallest neuroglial cell

To transmit a nerve impulse in chemical synapses, the neurotransmitter diffuses across the ________ and binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. sarcolemma presynaptic membrane axolemma secretory vesicles synaptic cleft

synaptic cleft

The structural classification of a neuron is based upon ________. the number of axons the size of the dendrites the overall size of the cell the number of processes that project from the cell body the type of chemical neurotransmitter it secretes

the number of processes that project from the cell body

In convergence, several neurons synapse on the same postsynaptic neuron. True False

true

Involuntary cardiac muscle fibers of the heart are innervated by ________. visceral motor fibers sensoriganglionic fibers preganglionic fibers somatic motor fibers All of the answers are correct.

visceral motor fibers

Areas of the nervous system that are dominated by myelinated axons are referred to as ________. arachnoid mater gray matter dura mater pia matter white matter

white matter