Chapter 13

Martin Luther

1483-1546, German theo/logian and author: leader, in Germany, of the Protestant Reformation. a male given name: from Germanic words meaning "famous" and "army."

Why did indulgences become so popular?

An indulgence reduced the Church's punishment for a sin. Indulgences were controversial because although the Church had given out indulgences before, they never sold them. In the 1500s, however, the pope needed money to repair the Church of St. Peter's in Rome.

What was the Anabaptist movement?

Anabaptist, (from Greek ana, "again") member of a fringe, or radical, movement of the Protestant Reformation and spiritual ancestor of modern Baptists, Mennonites, and Quakers. The movement's most distinctive tenet was adult baptism. ... They called themselves Baptists but were called Anabaptists by...

What does Calvinism mean in history?

Calvinism (also called the Reformed tradition, Reformed Christianity, Reformed Protestantism, or the Reformed faith) is a major branch of Protestantism that follows the theological tradition and forms of Christian practice set down by John Calvin and other Reformation-era theologians.

What is Calvinism in simple terms?

Calvinism belongs to the Reformed tradition of Protestantism. ... Today, this term also means the doctrines and practices of the Reformed churches, of which Calvin was an early leader, and the system is perhaps best known for its doctrines of predestination and total depravity.

What are the basic beliefs of Calvinism?

Calvinism has five essential tenets, or 'points.' To explain this complex doctrine, theologians often make use of the acronym T.U.L.I.P., which stands for total depravity, unconditional election, limited atonement, irresistible grace, and perseverance of the saints.

Anabaptism

Definition of Anabaptist. : a Protestant sectarian of a radical movement arising in the 16th century and advocating the baptism and church membership of adult believers only, nonresistance, and the separation of church and state.

Calvinism

Definition of Calvinism. : the theological system of Calvin and his followers marked by strong emphasis on the sovereignty of God, the depravity of humankind, and the doctrine of predestination.

Zwinglianism

Definition of Zwinglian. : of or relating to Ulrich Zwingli or his teachings and especially his doctrine that Christ's presence in the Eucharist is not corporeal but symbolic.

What is the Zwinglian Reformation?

Huldrych Zwingli or Ulrich Zwingli (1 January 1484 - 11 October 1531) was a leader of the Reformation in Switzerland. ... The Reformation spread to other parts of the Swiss Confederation, but several cantons resisted, preferring to remain Catholic.

Was Martin Luther against indulgences?

Indulgences were, from the beginning of the Protestant Reformation, a target of attacks by Martin Luther and all other Protestant theologians. Eventually the Catholic Counter-Reformation curbed the excesses, but indulgences continue to play a role in modern Catholic religious life.

Tetzel

Johann Tetzel. ... Tetzel was known for granting indulgences on behalf of the Roman Catholic Church in exchange for money, which allow a remission of temporal punishment due to sin, the guilt of which has been forgiven, a position heavily challenged by Martin Luther. This contributed in part to the Reformation.

When did the Catholic Church start selling indulgences?

John Tetzel: monk who sold indulgences in Germany in 1517 for Albert of Hohenzollern (a German noble) and Pope Leo X. That triggered Martin Luther's posting of the "95 Theses" in Wittenburg.

What is Johann Tetzel famous for?

Known for. Selling indulgences. Johann Tetzel OP (1465 - 11 August 1519) was a German Dominican friar and preacher. In addition, he was a Grand Inquisitor of Heresy to Poland, and later became the Grand Commissioner for indulgences in Germany.

What is the difference between Calvinism and Lutheranism?

Lutheran theology stresses that salvation is independent of merit and worthiness, arguing that it is a gift of God's sovereign grace. ... Calvinism salvation belief is that of predestination (chosen few) whereas Lutheranism believes any one can attain salvation through faith.

Why is Martin Luther famous?

Martin Luther is one of the most influential figures in Western history. His writings were responsible for fractionalizing the Catholic Church and sparking the Protestant Reformation.

What is Martin Luther known for?

Martin Luther, O.S.A. (/ˈluːθər/; German: [ˈmaɐ̯tiːn ˈlʊtɐ]; 10 November 1483 - 18 February 1546) was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, monk, and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation. Luther came to reject several teachings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church.

Why is Johann Tetzel important?

Tetzel was known for granting indulgences on behalf of the Roman Catholic Church in exchange for money, which allow a remission of temporal punishment due to sin, the guilt of which has been forgiven, a position heavily challenged by Martin Luther. This contributed in part to the Reformation.

What are the basic beliefs of Anabaptists?

The beliefs of the Anabaptists were considered threatening to local governments and other religious groups such as Protestants and Catholics. Many groups held differing beliefs but had several core issues that all agreed upon. For instance, most Anabaptists believed in the separation of church and state.

What were the main beliefs of Zwinglianism?

The major characteristic that set Zwinglianism apart from Lutheranism is the belief in consubstantiation. The bread and wine offered during the Eucharist are merely representations of the body and blood of Christ. The central focus was out of Zurich because that was where Zwingli amassed his followers.

What was Martin Luther's theology?

The theology of Martin Luther was instrumental in influencing the Protestant Reformation, specifically topics dealing with Justification by Faith, the relationship between the Law and the Gospel (also an instrumental component of Reformed theology), and various other theological ideas.

Where did the Anabaptist originate from?

There is some evidence that the Anabaptists developed in Zurich after 1523. Conrad Grebel and Felix Mantz were the early 'leaders' of the movement. They had discussed with Zwingli child baptism. By 1525, adults in Zurich were being baptised in rivers.

How did Calvinism begin?

This expansion began during Calvin's lifetime and was encouraged by him. Religious refugees poured into Geneva, especially from France during the 1550s as the French government became increasingly intolerant but also from England, Scotland, Italy, and other parts of Europe into which Calvinism had spread.

Where does Calvinism come from?

While Lutheranism was largely confined to parts of Germany and to Scandinavia, Calvinism spread into England, Scotland, France, the Netherlands, the English-speaking colonies of North America, and parts of Germany and central Europe. This expansion began during Calvin's lifetime and was encouraged by him.

What was Ulrich Zwingli's religion?

Zwingli's reforms were well-received in a climate where several countries were trying to get out from under the still-powerful political control of the Catholic church. This political unrest led to alliances which pitted the Catholic cantons of Switzerland against its Protestant cantons.