Chapter 13: Cardiovascular Alterations

A patient is admitted with an acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The nurse knows that an angiotensin-converting enzymes (ACE) inhibitor should be started within 24 hours to reduce the incidence of which process? a. Myocardial stunning b. Hibernating myocardium c. Myocardial remodeling d. Tachycardia

c. Myocardial remodeling

The nurse is providing care to a patient on fibrinolytic therapy. Which statement from the patient warrants further assessment and intervention by the critical care nurse? a. "My back is killing me!" b. "There is blood on my toothbrush!" c. "Look at the bruises on my arms!" d. "My arm is bleeding where my IV is!"

a. "My back is killing me!"

The patient's husband tells the nurse, "We didn't think she was having a heart attack because the pain was in her neck and back." What response should the nurse provide? (Select all that apply.) a. "Pain can occur anywhere in the chest, neck, arms, or back. Don't hesitate to call the emergency medical services if you think it's a heart attack." b. "For many people chest pain from a heart attack occurs in the center of the chest, behind the breastbone." c. "The sooner the patient can get medical help, the less damage is likely to occur in case of a heart attack." d. "You need to make sure it's a heart attack before you call the emergency response personnel." e. "Often symptoms can be treated with nitroglycerin, so be sure to take several before calling 911."

a. "Pain can occur anywhere in the chest, neck, arms, or back. Don't hesitate to call the emergency medical services if you think it's a heart attack." b. "For many people chest pain from a heart attack occurs in the center of the chest, behind the breastbone." c. "The sooner the patient can get medical help, the less damage is likely to occur in case of a heart attack."

A patient is admitted to the emergency department with clinical indications of an acute myocardial infarction with symptoms that began 3 hours ago. The facility does not have the capability for percutaneous coronary intervention. Given this scenario, what is the priority intervention in the treatment and nursing management of this patient? a. Administer thrombolytic therapy unless contraindicated b. Diurese aggressively and monitor daily weight c. Keep oxygen saturation levels at least 88% d. Maintain heart rate above 100 beats/min

a. Administer thrombolytic therapy unless contraindicated

What are the priority interventions for managing symptoms of an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in the ED? (Select all that apply.) a. Administration of morphine b. Administration of nitroglycerin c. Dopamine infusion d. Oxygen therapy e. Transfusion of packed red blood cells

a. Administration of morphine b. Administration of nitroglycerin d. Oxygen therapy

A patient is admitted with an acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The nurse monitors for which potential complications? (Select all that apply.) a. Cardiac dysrhythmias b. Heart failure c. Pericarditis d. Ventricular rupture e. Chest pain

a. Cardiac dysrhythmias b. Heart failure c. Pericarditis d. Ventricular rupture

The patient presenting to the ED with severe chest discomfort is taken for cardiac catheterization and angiography that shows 80% occlusion of the left main coronary artery. Which procedure will be most likely followed? a. Coronary artery bypass graft surgery b. Intracoronary stent placement c. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) d. Transmyocardial revascularization

a. Coronary artery bypass graft surgery

The patient diagnosed with chronic heart failure for the past 10 years has been treated with beta-blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors as well as diuretics. The symptoms have recently worsened, and now the patient presents to the ED with severe shortness of breath and crackles throughout lung fields. Respirations are labored and arterial blood gases show that there is at risk for respiratory failure. Which of the following therapies may be used for acute, short-term management of the patient? (Select all that apply.) a. Dobutamine b. Intraaortic balloon pump c. Nesiritide d. Ventricular assist device e. Biventricular pacemaker

a. Dobutamine b. Intraaortic balloon pump c. Nesiritide

Which statements are true regarding the symptoms of an AMI? (Select all that apply.) a. Dysrhythmias are common occurrences. b. Men have more atypical symptoms than women. c. Midsternal chest pain is a common presenting symptom. d. Some patients are asymptomatic. e. Patients may report jaw or back pain.

a. Dysrhythmias are common occurrences. c. Midsternal chest pain is a common presenting symptom. d. Some patients are asymptomatic. e. Patients may report jaw or back pain.

A patient presents to the emergency department (ED) with chest pain occurring for the past 2 hours. The patient is nauseous and diaphoretic with skin that is dusky in color. The electrocardiogram shows ST elevation in leads II, III, and aVF. Which therapeutic intervention would the nurse question? a. Emergent pacemaker insertion b. Emergent percutaneous coronary intervention c. Emergent thrombolytic therapy d. Immediate coronary artery bypass graft surgery

a. Emergent pacemaker insertion

A patient has been prescribed nitroglycerin in the ED for chest pain. In taking the health history, the nurse should verify whether the patient has taken medications prior to admission for which condition? a. Erectile dysfunction b. Prostate enlargement c. Asthma d. Peripheral vascular disease

a. Erectile dysfunction

Which clinical manifestations are indicative of right ventricular failure? (Select all that apply.) a. Jugular venous distention b. Peripheral edema c. Crackles audible in the lungs d. Weak peripheral pulses

a. Jugular venous distention b. Peripheral edema

The patient is admitted with a suspected acute myocardial infarction (MI). In assessing the 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) changes, which findings would indicate to the nurse that the patient is in the process of an evolving Q wave myocardial infarction(MI)? a. ST-segment elevation on ECG and elevated CPK-MB or troponin levels b. Depressed ST-segment on ECG and elevated total CPK c. Depressed ST-segment on ECG and normal cardiac enzymes d. Q wave on ECG with normal enzymes and troponin levels

a. ST-segment elevation on ECG and elevated CPK-MB or troponin levels

A patient presents to the ED complaining of severe substernal chest pressure radiating to his left shoulder and back that started about 16 hours ago. The patient delayed coming to the ED hoping the pain would go away. The patient's 12-lead ECG shows ST-segment depression in the inferior leads. Troponin and CK-MB are both elevated. The hospital does not have the capability for percutaneous coronary intervention. Thrombolysis is one possible treatment. Based on these data, the nurse correctly comes to what conclusion? a. The patient is not a candidate for thrombolysis. b. The patient's history makes him a good candidate for thrombolysis. c. Thrombolysis is appropriate for a candidate having a non-Q wave MI. d. Thrombolysis should be started immediately.

a. The patient is not a candidate for thrombolysis.

The patient's wife is feeling overwhelmed and tells the nurse that she doesn't know if she can manage to cook different dinners for her husband and the rest of the family to satisfy his cholesterol-reducing diet. The nurse should provide what response? a. "It will be worth it to have him healthy, won't it?" b. "The low-cholesterol diet is one from which everyone can benefit." c. "As long as you change at least a few things in the diet, it will be okay." d. "You can go on the diet with him, and then just let the children eat whatever they want."

b. "The low-cholesterol diet is one from which everyone can benefit."

Which comment by the patient indicates a good understanding of the diagnosis of coronary heart disease? a. "I had a heart attack because I work too hard and it puts too much strain on my heart." b. "The pain in my chest gets worse each time it happens. I think that there is more damage to my heart vessels as time goes on." c. "If I change my diet and exercise more, I should get over this and be healthy." d. "What kind of pills can you give me to get me over this and back to my lifestyle?"

b. "The pain in my chest gets worse each time it happens. I think that there is more damage to my heart vessels as time goes on."

The patient's wife is confused about the scheduling of a stent insertion. She says that she thought the angioplasty was surgery to fix her husband's heart problem. The nurse should provide what explanation to her? a. "The angioplasty was a failure, and so this procedure has to be done to fix the heart vessel." b. "The stent is inserted to enhance the results of the angioplasty, by helping to keep the vessel open and prevent it from closing again." c. "This procedure is being done instead of using clot-dissolving medication to help keep the heart vessel open." d. "The stent will remove any clots that are in the vessel and protect the heart muscle from damage."

b. "The stent is inserted to enhance the results of the angioplasty, by helping to keep the vessel open and prevent it from closing again."

The patient has undergone open chest surgery for coronary artery bypass grafting. One of the nurse's responsibilities is to monitor the patient for which common postoperative dysrhythmia? a. Second degree heart block b. Atrial fibrillation or flutter c. Ventricular ectopy d. Premature junctional contractions

b. Atrial fibrillation or flutter

What aspect of teaching is essential in preventing recurrence of heart failure? a. Notifying the physician if a 2-lb weight gain occurs in 24 hours. b. Compliance with diuretic therapy. c. Taking nitroglycerin if chest pain occurs. d. Assessment of an apical pulse.

b. Compliance with diuretic therapy.

A patient was admitted in terminal heart failure and is not eligible for transplant. The family wants everything possible done to maintain life. Which procedure might be offered to the patient for this condition to increase the patient's quality of life? a. Intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) b. Left ventricular assist device (LVAD) c. Nothing, because the patient is in terminal heart failure d. Nothing additional; medical management is the only option

b. Left ventricular assist device (LVAD)

The patient is admitted with an acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Three days later the nurse is concerned that the patient may have a papillary muscle rupture. Which assessment data may indicate a papillary muscle rupture? a. Gallop rhythm b. Murmur c. S1 heart sound d. S3 heart sound

b. Murmur

The nurse is assessing a patient diagnosed with left-sided heart failure. Which symptom would the nurse expect to find? a. Dependent edema b. Distended neck veins c. Dyspnea and crackles d. Nausea and vomiting

c. Dyspnea and crackles

The patient's wife asks the nurse if the angioplasty will remove all the buildup in the vessel walls so that the patient will be healthy again. What explanation should the nurse provide? a. "The operation will remove all of the plaque, and if your husband exercises and diets he will be free of cardiac problems." b. "The surgery will remove all the buildup, but it will reaccumulate and he will probably need this surgery again this time next year." c. "The best outcome will be if 20% to 50% of the diameter of the vessel can be restored. Your husband will need to diet and exercise carefully to avoid further cardiac risk." d. "The surgeon will only be able to get 5% to 10% of the plaque, but this will bring about marked relief of your husband's symptoms."

c. "The best outcome will be if 20% to 50% of the diameter of the vessel can be restored. Your husband will need to diet and exercise carefully to avoid further cardiac risk."

The patient presents to the ED with sudden severe sharp chest discomfort radiating to the back and down both arms, as well as numbness in the left arm. While taking the patient's vital signs, the nurse notices a 30-point discrepancy in systolic blood pressure between the right and left arm. Based on these findings, what should the nurse do in addition to informing the primary care provider? a. Report the cardiac enzyme results. b. Prepare the patient for thrombolytic therapy. c. Begin prepping the patient for emergency surgery. d. Give the patient aspirin and heparin.

c. Begin prepping the patient for emergency surgery.

While instructing a patient on what occurs with a myocardial infarction, the nurse plans to explain which process? a. Coronary artery spasm. b. Decreased blood flow (ischemia). c. Death of cardiac muscle from lack of oxygen (tissue necrosis). d. Sporadic decrease in oxygen to the heart (transient oxygen imbalance).

c. Death of cardiac muscle from lack of oxygen (tissue necrosis).

A patient diagnosed with coronary artery disease is having a cardiac evaluation to assess for possible valvular disease. Which study best identifies valvular function and measures the size of the cardiac chambers? a. 12-lead electrocardiogram b. Cardiac catheterization c. Echocardiogram d. Electrophysiology study

c. Echocardiogram

A patient is admitted with an angina attack. The nurse anticipates which drug regimen to be initiated? a. ACE inhibitors and diuretics b. Morphine sulfate and oxygen c. Nitroglycerin, oxygen, and beta-blockers d. Statins, bile acid, and nicotinic acid

c. Nitroglycerin, oxygen, and beta-blockers

A patient is admitted with the diagnosis of unstable angina. The nurse knows that the physiological mechanism present is most likely which of the following? a. Complete occlusion of a coronary artery b. Fatty streak within the intima of a coronary artery c. Partial occlusion of a coronary artery with a thrombus d. Vasospasm of a coronary artery

c. Partial occlusion of a coronary artery with a thrombus

The patient is admitted with recurrent supraventricular tachycardia that the cardiologist believes to be related to an a ccessory conduction pathway or a reentry pathway. The nurse anticipates which procedure to be planned for this patient? a. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator placement b. Permanent pacemaker insertion c. Radiofrequency catheter ablation d. Temporary transvenous pacemaker placement

c. Radiofrequency catheter ablation

A 72-year-old woman is brought to the ED by her family. The family states that she's "just not herself." Her respirations are slightly labored, and her heart monitor shows sinus tachycardia (rate 110 beats/min) with frequent premature ventricular contractions (PVCs). She denies any chest pain, jaw pain, back discomfort, or nausea. Her troponin levels are elevated, and her 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) shows elevated ST segments in leads II, III, and AVF. The nurse knows that these symptoms are most likely associated with which diagnosis? a. Hypokalemia b. Non-Q wave MI c. Silent myocardial infarction d. Unstable angina

c. Silent myocardial infarction

The primary care provider orders a pharmacological stress test for a patient with activity intolerance. The nurse would anticipate that the drug of choice would be a. dopamine b. dobutamine c. adenosine d. atropine

c. adenosine

Percutaneous coronary intervention is contraindicated for patients with lesions in which coronary artery? a. Right coronary artery b. Left coronary artery c. Circumflex d. Left main coronary artery

d. Left main coronary artery

A patient has elevated blood lipids. The nurse anticipates which classification of drugs to be prescribed for the patient? a. Bile acid resins b. Nicotinic acid c. Nitroglycerin d. Statins

d. Statins