Chapter 13 Exam 4!
Research on metamemory in elderly people shows that a. in general, elderly people and young adults have similar beliefs about how their memory works b. elderly people are less accurate than young adults in predicting which items on a list they will later remember c. ironically, young adults are more likely than elderly adults to report problems with their memory d. elderly people and young adults are equally likely to overestimate their total score on a memory test
Answer: a
Studies have found that both college students and infants learn better with a. spaced learning b. massed learning c. irregular learning d. bidirectional learning
Answer: a
According to the research on prospective memory, elderly people a. consistently make more errors than younger people b. typically make more errors than younger people c. make about the same number of errors as younger people d. make about the same number of errors on real-life tasks, but more errors on tasks that are low in ecological validity
Answer: b
Typically, young children have a. good recognition and recall memory b. good recognition memory, but poor recall memory c. poor recognition memory, but good recall memory d. poor recognition and recall memory
Answer: b
An important variable that influences older adults' performance on memory tasks involves whether: a. the working-memory task involves letters or digits b. the task is an implicit or explicit recognition-memory task c. they are tested in the morning or in the evening d. All of the above are correct
Answer: c
Chapter 13 discussed Rovee-Collier's conjugate reinforcement technique, and its usefulness in testing infant memory. The basic logic behind this technique is that a. infants will prefer to look at complex objects, rather than simple objects b. infants will respond to their parents by gazing at them longer than they gaze at strangers c. infants will remember—after a delay—how to kick their leg in order to produce movement in a mobile d. infants can be classically conditioned to show a startle reflex to an unfamiliar sound
Answer: c
Research by Rovee-Collier has revealed that infants: a. can imitate actions they had seen, but only if they are tested within a minute or two b. cannot discriminate their mother's face until they are at least 3 months old c. can remember how to activate a mobile even after a delay of several weeks d. do not show a distributed practice, or spacing, effect on memory tasks
Answer: c
By the time they are about _____ years old, children's working memory span is about the same as the typical college student. a. 1 b. 2 c. 9 d. 12
Answer: d
Young children use a. rehearsal as a memory strategy b. organizational strategies c. imagery d. few memory strategies in a consistent manner
Answer: d
Jason is a 10-year-old boy who knows that a science test is scheduled for tomorrow morning. According to the discussion of children's metacognition, Jason probably a. believes that he doesn't need to spend much time studying for the test b. plans to use distributed learning in studying for the test c. can accurately assess which items he has mastered and which require more study d. plans to use at least two different memory strategies in studying for the test
Answer: a
Which of the following topics would be especially interesting to child psychologists who want to investigate theory of mind? a. Do children realize that parents can remember a longer list of words than children do? b. Which is a more effective memory strategy for 10-year-olds, imagery or organization? c. Do children perform better on implicit-memory tasks or explicit-memory tasks? d. Can utilization deficit explain children's poor performance on recall tasks?
Answer: a
Research showing that neonates and very young infants can recognize their mother's voice and face has investigated: a. EEG changes recorded from the cerebellum b. heart rate changes c. self-reports from mothers of various cultures d. verbal communications with the researcher.
Answer: b
Researchers have used Carolyn Rovee-Collier's conjugate reinforcement technique to assess memory during infancy. According to this research, a. infants show no measurable signs of memory until they are at least 4 months of age b. if you change the environmental context in which the mobile is presented, infants show much lower retention c. context apparently does not influence infants' memory d. unlike adults, infants show no evidence of the spacing effect
Answer: b
According to the research on children's working memory, a. children's memory span remains fairly constant between the ages of about 2 and 10 b. children do not seem to have a functioning visuospatial sketchpad until they are about 10 years of age c. scores on tests of phonological working memory are correlated with reading skills d. scores on tests of visuospatial working memory do not seem to be correlated with any academic skills
Answer: c
Based on the information in Chapter 13, you could predict that elderly people would typically recall the most information on a. an explicit-memory task in the morning b. an explicit-memory task in the late afternoon c. an implicit-memory task in the morning d. an implicit-memory task in the late afternoon
Answer: c
According to the research on children's memory, the imagery strategy a. is clearly the most useful mnemonic device that children can use in order to remember items b. can be taught to children as a mnemonic device, but it only aids working memory c. has not been demonstrated to be useful for children younger than 10 years of age d. can sometimes be used effectively as a mnemonic device for children as young as 6 years of age
Answer: d
According to research on infants' recognition of their mothers, a. infants can recognize that mothers look different from strangers, beginning at less than 1 week of age b. because infants' vision is so primitive, they cannot visually recognize their mothers until they are about 6 weeks of age c. prior to birth, the walls of the uterus prevent the sound of the mother's voice from reaching the fetus d. infants do not seem to be able to distinguish their mother's voices from those of strangers until they are 4 weeks of age
Answer: a
According to the research on children's metamemory, 4-year-olds a. know that it is easier to remember 4 items than to remember 6 items b. know that related words are easier to remember than unrelated words c. know that they need to make an effort in order to remember something d. overestimate the number of items that they answered correctly on a memory test
Answer: a
Carolyn Rovee-Collier and her colleagues conducted research to see whether infants demonstrate the spacing effect. The results of this research showed that a. infants and adults responded similarly; both remembered better when their practice was distributed over time b. infants and adults responded similarly; both remembered better when they learned the material in one concentrated session c. infants remembered better when practice was distributed; adults remembered better when they learned the material in one concentrated session d. infants remembered better when they learned the material in one concentrated session; adults remembered better when practice was distributed
Answer: a
Carolyn Rovee-Collier's research used a moving mobile or a moving train to assess infant memory. This research shows a. a steady improvement in memory during the first 18 months of life b. no consistent pattern in memory development, because the measure of memory used for the first 6 months yields very different data from the measure of memory used later in infancy c. a very low level of correct responses during the first 6 months, because infants' brain development is incomplete, followed by a very rapid increase in memory d. a very rapid increase in memory during the first 6 months, followed by a more gradual increase and then a plateau
Answer: a
Chapter 13 discussed eyewitness-testimony research by Henry and Gudjonsson. These researchers compared children with typical development and children with an intellectual disability. The results showed that the children with typical development a. recalled more items correctly and were less likely to be influenced by misleading information b. recalled more items correctly and were equally likely to be influenced by misleading information c. recalled the same number of items correctly and were less likely to be influenced by misleading information d. recalled the same number of items correctly and were equally likely to be influenced by misleading information
Answer: a
Compared to how the metamemory skills of younger adults relates to memory performance, those of older adults: a. are better, perhaps because of the older adults' use of memory strategies b. are significantly worse, and the impairment is age-related and progressive c. do not differ in any substantial way d. cannot be accurately measured because older adults' actual memory performance is so poor
Answer: a
Imagine that you are volunteering in a child-care center, and you are currently taking care of infants who are less than one year of age. Which of the following language skills would you expect to be the first one to develop? a. The infants can recognize the sound of their own name b. The infants look longer at their mother when hearing the word "Mommy"; they look longer at their father when hearing the word "Daddy." c. The infants have developed some sophisticated concepts, for example, realizing that an unfamiliar animal is likely to drink water d. The infants appreciate that an angry voice goes with an angry facial expression
Answer: a
On many long-term memory tasks, young adults remember more than older adults. However, the two groups are fairly similar a. when memory is measured in terms of recognition memory, rather than recall memory b. when working on an explicit memory task, rather than an implicit memory task c. when contextual cues are missing d. when recalling unrelated pairs of English words
Answer: a
Suppose that you are enrolled in a child development course. In discussing children's memory, the professor says, "Preschool children are likely to demonstrate utilization deficiency." Which of the following options would be the most likely next sentence? a. "You can teach them memory strategies, but they may not use them appropriately." b. "They can only use organizational strategies; they cannot utilize rehearsal or imagery." c. "Preschoolers lack the brain development to utilize working memory. d. "They realize that memory strategies would increase their recall, but they have difficulty remembering what the strategies are."
Answer: a
Suppose that you are on a jury in which a 7-year-old child has provided eyewitness testimony about an automobile accident. Based on what you know from Chapter 13, you should keep in mind that a. this child should be much less likely than a 3-year-old to be influenced by incorrect suggestions after the accident b. this child should be much more likely than a 3-year-old to be influenced by incorrect suggestions after the accident c. this child should be much more likely than a 3-year-old to be influenced by a stereotype that had been conveyed prior to the accident d. this child's memory should not be influenced by either stereotypes or post-event information
Answer: a
Suppose that you are reading a story to a group of 6-year-old children; the story concerns a young child who is dancing around the room. You say to the children, "Try to think about how it would feel if you were dancing around this classroom." Based on the research of Foley and Ratner (1998), you would probably find that a. some of the children would later report that they had in fact danced around the classroom b. because children do not develop visual imagery until they are about 7 or 8, they would typically report, "You told us to think about dancing—but I didn't really dance." c. many children would report that they had actually heard dance music d. the children would have no recall of the instructions, because they have so much difficulty understanding instructions
Answer: a
Which of the following students provides the best information about the metacognitive skills of elderly people? a. Pascal: "Elderly adults are similar to young adults in accurately predicting which items they will recall at a later time." b. Ladi: "Elderly adults are consistently less effective in monitoring their memory." c. Jacqueline: "Elderly adults have less knowledge than young adults about how their memory works." d. Lucy: "In general, elderly adults and young adults are similar, except that elderly adults spend less time on any given metacognitive task, in comparison to young adults."
Answer: a
Which of the following students provides the best summary of the research on children's metamemory? a. Arthur: "Children understand some of the characteristics of memory, but they don't realize that you need to make a real effort in order to memorize something." b. Maya: "Children have very little awareness of any aspects of metacognition until they have reached school age." c. Katarina: "Children develop metacognitive abilities much earlier than psychologists had previously suspected; these skills are quite sophisticated by the time children reach school age." . Luke: "Unfortunately, it is difficult to assess cognitive skills in preschool children; but 5-year-olds have metacognitive skills that resemble the skills of 10-year-olds."
Answer: a
Working memory, as measured in terms of the number of items that can be correctly recalled immediately after presentation: a. increases dramatically during childhood b. is essentially zero until a child reaches the age of 5 or 6 years old c. cannot be tested until a child is about 5 or 6 years old d. is about seven items throughout early and late childhood
Answer: a
Your textbook's summary of infant memory described a research study in which 3-month-old White babies looked repeatedly at one photo, of either a White woman or an Asian woman. Then the babies saw this same photo placed next to a photo of an unfamiliar woman, from the same racial category. What results did the researchers find? a. If the babies had initially seen a photo of a White woman, they then looked more at the photo of an unfamiliar White woman b. If the babies had initially seen a photo of a White woman, they then looked less at the photo of an unfamiliar White woman c. If the babies had initially seen a photo of an Asian woman, they then looked more at the photo of an unfamiliar Asian woman d. If the babies had initially seen a photo of an Asian woman, they then looked less at the photo of an unfamiliar Asian woman
Answer: a
A recent study (Henry & Gudjonsson, 2007) investigating accuracy of eyewitness testimony revealed that compared to typically developing children, children with intellectual disability: a. made fewer errors in response to misleading questions b. recalled fewer items from a video clip c. performed surprisingly better on several measures of working memory d. All of the above are correct.
Answer: b
According to the discussion of childhood amnesia, a. with the appropriate research techniques, psychologists have demonstrated that this so-called childhood amnesia does not really exist b. college students recall little information about the birth of a sibling, if the students were younger than 2 at the time of that birth c. childhood amnesia can be completely explained by the fact that regions of the brain are not mature until a child reaches the age of 5 d. childhood amnesia can be completely explained by the fact that young children repress their memories of early childhood
Answer: b
According to the introductory information about cognitive skills in elderly people, a. in general, elderly adults are more confident about their skills than young adults are b. other variables—such as health or education—can explain part of the age-related cognitive differences c. when researchers eliminate several other relevant variables, elderly adults and young adults have almost identical cognitive abilities d. in general, elderly adults and young adults have had similar recent experience with memorizing material
Answer: b
Chapter 13 discussed research about whether 12- to 18-month-old children can learn language by watching a DVD. The DVD shows a household object, while a voiceover says the object's name. According to the results, children learned significantly more words a. if the children watched the video by themselves, compared to a control group that had no video b. if the parent taught the child the words, compared to the child learning the words from the video c. if the parent watched the video and interacted with the child, compared to the child just watching the video d. if the child was in the control group, without any video or teaching; their vocabulary actually increased as much as when children's parents taught them the words
Answer: b
Chapter 13 discussed the development of imagery as a strategy for improving children's memory. According to this discussion, a. children as young as 4 will spontaneously use imagery as an aid to their memory b. children as young as 6 can be trained to use imagery as an aid to their memory c. children as young as 6 can create mental images, but they cannot use imagery as a strategy for memory improvement d.most college students make effective use of imagery as a memory strategy
Answer: b
Children's ideas on how their minds work and on their beliefs about other people's thoughts: a. develop gradually, reaching a level similar to that of adults when the child is about 2 or 3 years old b. reveal that such metacognitive abilities are not yet fully developed by even the age of 7 years c. reveal that children are underconfident in their memory performance, whereas college students are overconfident d. cannot be tested experimentally because of the inherently limited communication skills of children
Answer: b
Studies of children's memory show that rehearsal a. is a highly effective memory strategy b. is more likely in older children than in younger children c. often occurs spontaneously in children as young as 2 d. is only helpful on long-term-memory tasks
Answer: b
Studies of children's metamemory show that a. young children seem to have no knowledge of the way their memory works b. young children don't seem to realize that you must use effort in order to learn a list of words c. there are no substantial improvements in metamemory during childhood d. children are surprisingly accurate in judging whether they have remembered an answer correctly
Answer: b
Studies on infants' recognition of their mothers show that a. infants recognize their mother's face for the first time when they are about 4 months old b. infants can recognize their mother's face and voice before they reach the age of 1 week c. it is so difficult to test infants' memory that we cannot test infants' face or voice recognition until they are about 2 months of age d. infants' perceptual skills are so limited that they cannot recognize either the face or the voice of their mother until 6 months of age
Answer: b
Suppose that 6-year-old children and college students are given several memory tasks. Which of the following tasks is likely to reveal the smallest differences between the two groups? a. recall b. recognition c. working memory d. source monitoring
Answer: b
Suppose that a friend tells you that he has no recall of anything that happened when he lived in his old house, where his family lived until he was 3. This kind of phenomenon is often called a. source monitoring b. childhood amnesia c. theory of mind d. implicit memory
Answer: b
Suppose that your elderly uncle is coming to visit. You are concerned, because you will be discussing some important issues and do not want to overload his working memory. Based on the information in Chapter 13, you would suspect that a. you probably do not need to worry, because no age-related differences have been reported for working memory b. you probably do not need to worry, as long as you aren't talking to him while he is doing another complex task at the same time c. you probably need to worry, because elderly people show deficits in the functioning of the phonological loop d. you probably need to worry, because young adults and older adults have similar working memory only when speech rate is significantly slower than normal
Answer: b
What can we conclude about children's memory? a. Children's memory spans are remarkably similar to adults' memory spans b. In general, children have excellent recognition memory c. Children's recall memory does not improve substantially as they mature d. Young children tend to recall items much more accurately than they recognize them
Answer: b
When infants are exposed to post-event information that does not match the original information, they a. respond the same as adults; both adults and infants can keep the two kinds of information separate in their memory b. respond the same as adults; both adults and infants recall the original event less accurately if they have seen post-event information c. respond differently from adults; infants are less likely to be influenced by post-event information d. respond differently from adults; because of their short attention span, infants cannot be tested with this technique
Answer: b
Which of the following students provides the most accurate information about memory in elderly adults, as opposed to younger adults? a. Kanako: "Elderly adults are much more likely to have decreased frontal-lobe activation." b. Stacey: "Elderly adults often have more trouble paying attention." c. Curtis: "Elderly adults have much more trouble using strategies to enhance their performance on long-term memory tasks." d. Juan: "Elderly adults have much more trouble on implicit memory tasks."
Answer: b
According to the discussion of metamemory, children who are between the ages of about 5 and 10 typically a. believe that they need to make an effort if they genuinely want to remember something b. underestimate how well they will perform on a memory test c. were only slightly more confident about the items they had answered correctly, compared to their confidence about the items they had answered incorrectly d. use appropriate memory strategies if they realize that they don't know the material
Answer: c
As Chapter 13 discussed, researchers admit that we do not yet have a complete explanation for the fact that—on some long-term tasks—elderly adults remember less than young adults. However, which of the following students provides the best summary of one factor that accounts for age-related differences? a. Sergei: "Elderly adults remember contextual cues better than young adults, and these cues tend to disrupt performance on explicit recall tasks." b. Isabelle: "Elderly adults typically fail to use long-term memory strategies based on organization and imagery; as a result, information often cannot be retained in long-term memory." c. Mandy: "Elderly adults are more likely than young adults to have difficulty paying attention, which can affect performance on memory tasks." d. Christopher: "Elderly adults are much too confident about their memory skills, so they actually spend less time rehearsing the material."
Answer: c
Below the age of ____, source memory for children tends to much worse than in adults. a. 2 b. 5 c. 7 d. 12
Answer: c
Chapter 13 discussed whether children's poor memory performance can be traced to faulty metamemory and ineffective use of memory strategies. According to this discussion, a. the correlation between metamemory and memory performance is extremely high b. the correlation between metamemory and strategy use is high, but neither of these two factors is correlated with memory performance c. the correlation between metamemory and memory performance is moderate, and it would probably be higher if we could accurately measure children's metamemory d. none of the appropriate correlations is statistically significant, so some other factor—other than metamemory accuracy and strategy use—must account for children's memory deficits
Answer: c
Compared with older adults, children a. have a similar metamemory ability b. are better at metamemory c. are worse at metamemory d. have no metamemory ability
Answer: c
One important reason that research on infant cognitive abilities is difficult to conduct is that a. infants do not have measurable memory skills until 6 months of age, so we cannot assess other cognitive abilities that depend on memory b. infants under the age of 3 months are too young to participate in research c. it's difficult to assess cognitive processes because of infants' limited motor and language skills d. psychologists have typically concentrated on perceptual abilities, rather than cognitive abilities
Answer: c
Suppose that a 4-year-old boy has just visited the zoo. He is describing what he saw, first to an adult, and then to his 2-year-old sister. You would expect to find that a. he uses the same kind of language for both people b. he inappropriately uses more complicated language for his sister than for the adult c. he uses more complicated language for the adult than for his sister d. he would use more complicated language for the adult only if he is gifted in language skills
Answer: c
Suppose that you are volunteering at a community program for elderly adults. With respect to working memory, you should remember that these elderly individuals will have the most difficulty when they are asked to a. store sounds in the phonological loop b. remember sentences that are spoken at a normal rate c. rearrange information before recalling it d. recall more than three numbers in the same order in which they were presented
Answer: c
The discussion of children's metamemory examined research by Roebers and her colleagues. This research asked 5- to 10-year-old children to judge whether they had answered memory questions correctly. The results showed that a. these children were much more confident about the questions they answered correctly, compared to the questions they answered incorrectly b. these children were equally confident about the questions they answered correctly and the questions they answered incorrectly c. these children were overconfident about the questions that they had actually answered incorrectly d. these children were unable to understand the metamemory task, so the results of this study were inconclusive
Answer: c
The research on children's eyewitness testimony shows that a. children's accuracy is not correlated with the complexity of the interviewer's language b. children's accuracy is not correlated with their age c. young children are likely to make errors when the interviewer asks questions in an emotional tone d. young children are likely to respond "I don't know" when they cannot recall the details of an event.
Answer: c
The research on implicit memory in older adults shows that a. older adults have a slight advantage over younger adults in this area because of their greater life experience b. older adults are much less accurate than younger adults in this area; in fact, the age differences are larger than on explicit memory tasks c. older adults and younger adults perform fairly similarly on implicit memory tasks d. the results in this area are extremely variable, depending upon the method used; some tasks reveal very large age-related differences, others reveal no differences whatsoever
Answer: c
The research on the relationship between metamemory and children's memory performance is complicated. However, a general pattern is that a. children who have a well-developed metamemory tend to use strategies more wisely, but this does not improve their performance b. metamemory is relatively easy to measure in young children c. metamemory and memory performance are moderately correlated with each other d. the correlations between metamemory and memory performance are significant only when we study younger children
Answer: c
The term childhood amnesia refers to the finding that: a. the prefrontal cortex of children is fully developed when an infant is about 6 months old, at which time he or she shows excellent long-term memory b. infants and young children show no ability to remember anything unless they are tested within the span of working memory c. older children and adults typically cannot recall personal events they experienced before they were about 2 or 3 years old d. infants and young children show no memory of events that occurred before they were born.
Answer: c
What can we conclude about children's use of organizational strategies in memory? a. Young children are just as likely as older children to rearrange pictures of the words that they must remember b. Most young children are aware that organization would be helpful in memory tasks, but they lack the ability to organize c. Young children who have been taught an organizational strategy usually show improved recall d. When young children are told, "Remember these items," they spontaneously organize the items
Answer: c
What is the current status of research on the hypothesis that older adults show cognitive slowing, or a slower rate of responding on cognitive tasks? a. The hypothesis has been shown to be untenable (rejected) in nearly all relevant experiments b. The hypothesis can easily account for all major age-related differences in working- and long-term memory c. The hypothesis can account for some age-related differences in memory, but not all of them d. The hypothesis has not yet been tested in any relevant experimental situations
Answer: c
When Carolyn Rovee-Collier and other researchers use the conjugate reinforcement technique, a. the babies show habituation to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly b. the babies suck at a higher rate to produce the voice of their mother than the voice of a stranger c. the babies kick in order to produce movement of a mobile d. they babies receive a "peekaboo" reinforcement when they recognize a familiar object
Answer: c
Which of the following students provides the most accurate information about childhood amnesia? a. Hongbo: "In general, children cannot recall events that occurred prior to the age of 5, even if the events were important at the time." b. Saul: "Childhood amnesia is still a mystery, especially because researchers have established that the relevant portions of the cortex are fully developed by the age of 3." c. Fatima: "When adolescents and adults try to recall events that occurred during their first 10 years of life, most of their recalled events occurred when they were between the ages of 5 and 10." d. Augusta: "Actually, when the research is conducted properly, there is no evidence for childhood amnesia."
Answer: c
Your textbook compares prospective memory in younger adults and older adults. The research typically shows that elderly adults a. make fewer prospective-memory errors, probably because they have developed effective strategies for remembering to do things in the future b. make fewer prospective-memory errors, probably because retired adults do not need to remember so many work-related responsibilities c. make more prospective-memory errors, probably because this kind of memory task is mostly based on working memory, and elderly people often have trouble with working memory d. make more prospective-memory errors, probably because this kind of task is mostly based on implicit memory, and elderly people often have trouble with implicit memory
Answer: c
Your textbook describes several methodological problems that arise when conducting research with elderly individuals. These problems included the fact that a. elderly people tend to be better educated than younger people b. elderly people are typically less anxious than younger people c. elderly people typically have more health problems than younger people d. irrelevant variables are often too carefully controlled
Answer: c
According to research about the importance of context in infant memory, a. context does not seem to have an important influence on infants' memory b. when infants are younger than 6 months, context has no influence on infants' memory; however, context is important for infants who are older than 6 months c. infants actually show enhanced memory if the researchers test memory in a different context d. context effects are even stronger for infants than for adults
Answer: d
According to the discussion of infants' memory, a. there is no evidence of long-term memory until infants are about 6 months of age b. the major problem in studying infants' memory is that babies cannot accurately see visual stimuli until they are 3 to 4 months old c. it is so difficult to measure infants' memory that we do not know much about the memory skills of young infants d in the infants' brain, some parts concerned with memory are not fully developed
Answer: d
According to the research on children's memory strategies, a. even very young children make excellent use of the rehearsal strategy b. rehearsal is one of the most effective memory strategies c. young children typically group similar items together in order to learn lists of words d. young children can remember better if they use rehearsal strategies, but they typically do not use them spontaneously
Answer: d
Chapter 13 discussed children's autobiographical memory. According to the research on this topic, a. adolescents are very accurate in recalling events that had occurred to them when they were 2 to 3 years old b. children develop a variety of memory strategies by time they are 4 years old, and these strategies help them increase their recall c. children's source monitoring is highly accurate by the time they are 3 years old, and this skill help them increase their recall d. children's language skills increase rapidly after the age of 2, and these skills help them increase their recall
Answer: d
Chapter 13 discussed research conducted in China on infants' ability to recognize their mother's voice one or two weeks before the infants were born. In one condition, infants heard their mother's voice reading a poem. This research was appropriately conducted because, in the second condition, infants heard a. their mother reading the same poem at a different time b. their mother reading a different poem c. another mother reading a different poem d. another mother reading the same poem
Answer: d
Chapter 13 discusses elderly people's awareness of memory problems. According to this discussion, a. people who are high in memory self-efficacy typically believe that they cannot prevent memory problems b. memory self-efficacy is especially strong in people with dementia c. elderly people who are aware of their memory problems are less likely to develop memory strategies d. the stereotype—about forgetfulness in late adulthood—may encourage elderly adults to believe that cognitive decline is unavoidable
Answer: d
Chapter 13 examined an experiment by Leichtman and Ceci on preschool children's eyewitness testimony. According to this research, a. children's expectations about a stranger's behavior did not affect their recall b. children's memory may not be perfect, but they can distinguish between what really happened and a false statement of what had happened c. children in the control condition were not very accurate in recalling events d. under certain circumstances, young children are fairly likely to report events inaccurately
Answer: d
In Chapter 13, the Individual Differences Feature compared children who have intellectual disabilities and children in a mainstream school. Everyone watched a brief video and then answered questions. The results showed that the typically developing children a. did not differ from the children with intellectual disabilities on any measure b. recalled the same number of items correctly, but they were less likely to recall the misleading information c. recalled the same number of items correctly, but they were more likely to recall the misleading information d. recalled a greater number of items correctly, and they were less likely to recall the misleading information
Answer: d
Memory research is easier to conduct with children than with infants. However, one potential problem when children participate in memory studies is that a. they have no measurable working memory b. it is extremely difficult to motivate children to participate in research c. children's shape perception will not be mature until they are about 8 years old d. they may fail to understand the task instructions
Answer: d
Psychologists favor the lifespan approach to development because a. it illustrates that the changes during late adulthood are even more dramatic than the changes during infancy b. the research techniques are more valid than when other approaches are used c. it demonstrates that the cognitive changes between infancy and old age are relatively minor d. it emphasizes that people continue to develop through out their lifetime
Answer: d
Research on elderly people shows that they often take longer to perform cognitive tasks than do younger adults. This phenomenon is called a. contextual-cues deficit b. implicit memory c. semantic deficits d. cognitive slowing
Answer: d
Some of the research on children's eyewitness testimony has important implications for the courtroom. According to that research, a. children are more accurate if interviewers ask the questions in a very emotional tone b. as children grow older, they are increasingly likely to change their mind during a cross-examination c. children are more likely than adults to say "I don't know" if they are unsure about the accuracy of their memory d. young children have fairly accurate memory, under ideal circumstances
Answer: d
Studies on long-term memory in elderly people usually show that a. elderly people show substantial deficits in implicit memory b. elderly people and young adults perform similarly on all the major tests of long-term memory c. elderly people are usually somewhat better than young adults in recalling people's names d. in many—but not all—areas, young adults and elderly adults perform similarly
Answer: d
Suppose researchers test 100 college students, whose ages range from 18 to 23. They also test 100 people at a nearby community center for older adults, whose ages range from 70 to 75. The participants are instructed to read a series of short essays and answer questions on them. The average score is 72% correct for the elderly people, and 85% correct for the college students. Which of the following four conclusions would you be most likely to choose? a. You would conclude that the younger people have better memory than the older people b. You would conclude that the differences in the average scores can be traced to differences in the working memory of the two groups c. You would recommend that the same study should be repeated with larger groups of participants d. You would recommend that the study should be repeated, matching the two groups in terms of variables such as education and health
Answer: d
Suppose that a 4-year-old and a 10-year-old are working together to make a surprise birthday card for their father. Later, they tell their father which parts each of them constructed. Based on the material in Chapter 13, you would expect to find that a. the two children have similar accuracy, because working memory does not vary much with age b. the two children have similar accuracy, because source monitoring does not vary much with age c. the older child is more accurate, because the 4-year-old child will demonstrate almost complete childhood amnesia d. the older child is more accurate, because source monitoring is more accurate for older children
Answer: d
The discussion of metacognition in elderly adults suggests that a. adults typically experience a decline in all major metacognitive skills as they grow older b. young adults are more aware than elderly adults that some memory strategies are more effective than other memory strategies c. young adults are more accurate than elderly adults in predicting which items they will recall on a memory test d. young adults and elderly adults are reasonably similar in many metacognitive skills
Answer: d
The discussion of working memory in elderly people pointed out that a. elderly people and young adults do not seem to differ on any measures of working memory b. elderly people show consistent deficits on working-memory tasks, in comparison with young adults c. elderly people and young adults are most different from each other on easy working memory tasks d. elderly people and young adults are most different from each other on difficult working memory tasks
Answer: d
What can we conclude about memory in elderly people? a. Their implicit memory is substantially less accurate than that of young adults b. Elderly people show rapid declines in recognition memory c. Elderly people usually remember more material in the afternoon than in the morning d. Elderly people sometimes have more difficulty than young adults on long-term recall tasks
Answer: d
What can we conclude about the reasons for long-term memory problems in elderly individuals? a. Almost all of the deficits can be traced to factors other than a person's age b. Elderly individuals consistently use less effective memory strategies c. Most of the decline can be traced to deficits in language-processing skills d. Some of the decline can be traced to changes in the brain
Answer: d
When Carolyn Rovee-Collier and other researchers use the conjugate reinforcement technique, a baby demonstrates memory by a. showing dishabituation to a familiar stimulus, measured in terms of sucking responses b. staring longer at a mobile that has never been seen before c. smiling more at a familiar stimulus than at an unfamiliar stimulus d. kicking his or her leg when the mobile is presented
Answer: d