Chapter 13

Edict of Nantes

granted French Huguenots the right to worship in 150 towns.

What were Lutheran and Calvinist attitudes toward secular rulers?

Lutherans taught respect for authority, while Calvinists encouraged opposition to political authorities who were considered ungodly.

"To those whom he devotes to condemnation, the gate of life is closed by a just and irreprehensible, but incomprehensible, judgment. How exceedingly presumptuous it is only to inquire into the causes of the Divine will; which is in fact, and is justly entitled to be, the cause of everything that exists."This quote from the writings of John Calvin explains what concept?

Predestination

What was the fate of most people brought before the Inquisition and accused of witchcraft?

They were sent home with a warning and ordered to do penance.

Luther's claim that the papacy was exploiting Germany

appealed to the national sentiment of German princes

In religious affairs, Elizabeth I of England followed a policy that

was a middle course between Catholic and Protestant extremes

The Pilgrimage of Grace attested to

popular opposition, in northern England, to Henry VIII's reformation

Luther believed that the church consisted of

A spiritual priesthood of all Christian believers

John Calvin rejected the idea of free will because he believed it would

Detract from the sovereignty of God's commandments

What was the name given to French Calvinists?

Huguenots

How did Luther benefit from his appearance before the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms?

Luther gained a larger audience for his reform ideas, and others began to go against the church.

Which of the following contributed to the success of Martin Luther's reform efforts?

Luther understood the power of the new printing press and authorized the publication of his works.

In the early sixteenth century, anticlericalism focused primarily on which of the following issues?

The immorality of priests who were drunkards and neglected the rule of celibacy

Why was the pope unable to grant Henry VIII of England the annulment he desired?

The pope was on his deathbed.

The Reformation in England was primarily the result of

The dynastic and romantic concerns of Henry VIII

Why did Protestants allow the dissolution of marriages in divorce?

They viewed marriage as a contract for mutual support, and married partners who failed to provide support endangered their souls and the entire community

Which of the following best describes Martin Luther's doctrine of salvation?

Salvation came through faith alone as a free gift of God's grace.

"[S]o we call Spiritual Exercises every way of preparing and disposing the soul to rid itself of all inordinate attachments, and, after their removal, of seeking and finding the will of God in the disposition of our life for the salvation of our soul." What is Ignatius Loyola discussing in this quote?

A training program using structured meditation to develop spiritual discipline

Why did Elizabeth I have her cousin and heir Mary, Queen of Scots, executed?

Mary became implicated in a plot to assassinate Elizabeth

How was the choice to embrace or reject the Protestant reform movement made in each territory or region of the Holy Roman Empire?

The political leaders of the territory or region determine whether to introduce reforms

Martin Luther's first response to the Peasants' War was

To side with the peasants

The dissolution of the English monasteries

Resulted from Henry VIII's desire to confiscate their wealth

In Hungary, Lutheranism was

Spread by Hungarian students who had studied at the University of Wittenburg

The following excerpt is from a 1587 German account of the testimony at the trial of an accused witch: "Walpurga Hausmännin . . . upon kindly questioning and also torture . . . confessed . . . that the Evil One indulged in fornication with her . . . and made her many promises to help her in her poverty and need. . . . She promised herself body and soul to him and disowned God in heaven. . . . With her devil-paramour and other playfellows she has eaten these [animals and children] and used their hair and their little bones for witchcraft." The passage provides evidence of which of the following?

The belief that the essence of witchcraft was a pact with the Devil

The most important second-generation Protestant reformer was

Ulrich Zwingli.

How did the Calvinists understand the idea of work or labor?

Hard work, well done, was pleasing to God, and all work with a religious aspect

Early-sixteenth-century Europeans were, for the most part,

deeply skeptical of Christian teachings

The Colloquy of Marburg

failed to resolve the differences among Protestants on the issue of the Eucharist.

The following is an excerpt from the School ordinance of the duchy of Württemberg, a Lutheran territory in the Holy Roman Empire (Thinking Like a Historian):"In addition, all parents are obliged on the danger of losing their souls to teach the catechism to their children and domestic servants. Ask them also what they remember from last Sunday's sermon, and,if they remember nothing, admonish them to pay closer attention. And if kind words don't help, take the stick to them or give them nothing to eat and drink for supper until they have repeated something from the sermon."Based on the evidence provided by this passage, one can conclude that Lutherans believed that

parents were at least partly responsible for the spiritual education of their children

France supported the Protestant princes of Germany in order to

Prevent Charles V from increasing his power

How effective was the Universal Inquisition established by the papacy in 1542?

The Inquisition effectively destroyed heresy within the Papal States but had little influence elsewhere.

The following is an excerpt from the 1563 Decrees of the Council of Trent: "That the faithful may approach the sacraments with greater reverence and devotion of mind, the holy Council commands all bishops that not only when they themselves are about to administer them to the people, they shall first, in a manner adapted to the mental ability of those who receive them, explain their efficacy and use, but also that they shall see to it that the same is done piously and prudently by every parish priest, and in the vernacular tongue." What important change in Catholic religious practice is described in this passage?

The new emphasis on the authority of Scripture

What new religious order for women emerged in the sixteenth century?

Ursuline order

The Calvinist doctrine of predestination led to a

confidence among Calvinists in their own salvation

The overriding goal of the Catholic religious orders established in the sixteenth century was

to uplift the moral condition of both clergy and laity.

Why did most ordinary Poles oppose the Lutheran reform movement?

They held strong anti-German feelings.

Early-sixteenth-century critics of the clergy concentrated on three problems: clerical immorality,clerical ignorance, and clerical

pluralism

In addition to reforming the church, what was the other goal of the Council of Trent

Securing reconciliation with the Protestants

Luther viewed celibacy as

opposed to human nature and God's commandments

As a result of the Peace of Augsburg, the people of Germany

became either Lutheran or Catholic, depending on the preference of their prince.