Chapter 13 - History - Worlds Entangled 1600 -1750

True

Silver was a globally recognized medium of exchange

True

Spain introduced American silver into the global economy through both transatlantic and transpacific trade.

False

The Kropulu reforms demonstrated that the Ottoman government lacked the will and the ability to respond to internal challenges.

False

The Little Ice Age lasted nearly 100 years, from around 1600 to 1700.

Relationship between trade and state of power

The THE ENGLISH NAVIGATION ACT OF 1651 is an example of a GOVERNMENT using legislative and military power to protect the commercial success of MERCHANTS.

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The alliance among the MAMLUKS, the Egyptian merchants, and the local ULAMA undermined Ottoman control over Egypt, which had been an important source of TAX REVENUE to the empire.

This image depicts a Dutch attack on Bantam (in modern Indonesia). The ships seen fighting under the Dutch flag were most likely the property of the VOC, not the Dutch government. What larger developments are illustrated in this engraving?

The military interest of mercantile governments and the economic interest of trading companies were deeply intertwined. Chartered corporations (like the VOC) had access to so much money that they became true rivals to political entities (like Portugal).

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the English model of colonization was based on commercially profitable AGRICULTURE, which led to armed conflict and DISPOSSESSION OF NATIVE AMERICAN LANDS. The French model of colonization was based on commercially profitable FUR TRADING, which depended on the SKILLS of Native Americans and led to complex POLITICAL AND INTERPERSONAL ALLIANCES.

False

Apart from admitting one Dutch merchant ship each year, the Tokugawa shogunate closed Japan entirely to external trade.

True

At least 15% of the people who were put on slave ships died during the voyage across the Atlantic.

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Benefiting from Amsterdam's position as the EASIEST, CHEAPES PLACE TO BOROW MONEY in the world, the DUTCH EAST INDIA COMPANY raised ten times the capital of its English counterpart -- the royal chartered ENGLISH EAST INDIA COMPANY.

What explains the movement of silver through the Netherlands?

English and Dutch merchants who wanted to conduct trade in India and China often obtained funding for their ventures through financial institutions based in the Netherlands

Which colonial model in the Americas most closely resembled the Dutch experience in the Bandanese Islands, and why?

English plantation-based agriculture was closest to the Bandanese experience because, in both places, the indigenous population was largely eradicated, after which slave labor was imported to grow cash crops.

In what ways were the experiences of coastal merchants in India and West Africa similar?

European demand for a single good altered local economic and political behavior, as coastal residents attempted to supply European merchants with the goods they desired. European demand for a single good increased the power of coastal merchants and leaders at the expense of other inhabitants of the region.

Which trade item directly escalated violence and political destabilization in multiple locations?

Guns: In both North America and Africa, indigenous people made trade decisions with negative long-term consequences in order to acquire weapons, and then used those weapons in heightened local conflicts.

How did the Little Ice Age affect rural, peasant populations?

Harvests failed in many regions, spreading hunger and famine across the globe. Peasant anger at falling food production led to unrest, revolts and war. Peasants fled agricultural lands and moved to urban areas.

False

In the Caribbean slave resistance generally involved violence by slaves against their masters or overseers.

complete this statement about the evolution of government in France

In the seventeenth century, the French government became AN ABSOLUTE MONARCHY, which placed extraordinary legal and moral power in the hands of the king. This political structure asserts the DIVINE RIGHT OF KINGS, an idea that uses religious concepts to bolster STATE POWER.

European planters in the Americas preferred to purchase male slaves, while West Africans preferred to retain female slaves. What were the effects of these combined preferences?

Male depopulation in slave-trading regions of Africa reinforced and expanded the traditional practice of polygamy. Majority-male slave communities in the Americas had extremely low rates of reproduction and very high mortality rates, which in a high demand for additional slaves.

True

Mercantile interest were so important to European countries that governments began building bigger navies and engaging in wars with one another to protect their trade interests.

False

Mercantilist believed that there was a fixed amount of wealth in the world, and they worked hard to share access to that wealth among European powers.

True

More than 40 percent of enslaved Africans sold in the Americas disembarked in Brazil.

True

Most enslaved Africans on the Caribbean islands worked in sugar, coffee, and tobacco agriculture.

Several powerful empires suffered major setbacks during the seventeenth century. Match the setback to the empire

Ottoman - Major population losses are suffered. There is a reduction in tribute payments. Ming - A powerful and organized enemy beaches this empire's borders. The capital city is invaded. Mughal - The state raises war taxes, sparking peasant revolts. Local elites strike their own deals with European merchants.

complete the sentence

Qing China attempted to regulate European interactions in Chinese territory through THE CANTON SYSTEM, which required European merchants to trade through approved Chinese guild merchants. By contrast, independent Indian merchants formed TRADING COMPANIES and extensive TRADE NETWORKS, but the Mughal government paid little attention to these commercial interactions.

In the Ottoman Empire and Ming China, silver was used for both private transactions and paying taxes. Both governments were severely destabilized by the influx of New World silver. What conclusion could be derived from these two examples?

Control over the money supply is an important government power.

What global developments made large-scale sugar-growing possible?

* A robust trade network that supplied enslaved African laborers to Caribbean planters. * Financial institutions that lent money and insured cargoes.

In many places, governments responded to growing global trade by seeking to both bolster and harness the power of merchants. These institutions involved merchants who benefited from a government-supported monopoly on trade:

* English East India Company * Canton System * VOC

Increased global trade caused both economic development and population growth in cities -- especially port cities. How did this urban growth affect rural economies?

* Indian farmers began to produce more cotton to meet coastal demands. * Western European landowners and farmers made investments that increased food production. * English landowners changed their relationship with people who tilled and harvested their fields, paying them wages in place of sharecropping agreements.

Match each aspect of the slave trade with its broader effect within Africa

* Modification of African family structures to adapt to a shortage of men in many communities - Tendency to sell male slaves to European traders while retaining female slaves. * Shift of power away from inland agricultural regions to coastal port cities - Concentration of wealth and power in the hands of successful slave-capturers and coastal traders. * Depopulation and labor shortage - Widespread capture of warriors and kidnapping of civilians

In what ways did fighting in the Thirty Years War mirror broader European economic changes?

- Armies were made up of paid soldiers just as commercialization changed previously feudal relations into cash transactions. - Technological advances were essential, just as the financial success of shipping companies was tied to new shipping technologies. - Governments fielded large armies, just as companies raised huge amounts of capital and employed many people.

The rise of the global sugar market was a very significant development in the era of mercantilism. Place the following events in order in which they would have unfolded

1. Groups of investors seek charters from their respective governments to form companies with a monopoly over specific regions where sugar can be grown. 2. Companies conquer, depopulate and colonize sugar-growing regions. 3. Companies import slave labor to grow and harvest sugar. 4. Governments regulate and tax the sale of sugar, making money that enables them to increase their military power. 5. Governments develop powerful navies to protect their companies from outside attacks.

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Caribbean sugar helped revolutionize global trade, but trade entails more than just the products for sale. Commercial enterprises were only truly viable because of STOCK MARKETS AND CARGO INSURANCE. Voyages were made safer and more profitable through developments like the FLUITSCHIP. These global developments then gave rise to changes in economic behavior within Europe, like the ENCLOSURE MOVEMENT in England.

Fill in the blanks: The seventeenth-century Celali revolts, a failed attempt to invade Vienna, and increasing Mamluk independence left the Ottoman Empire greatly weakened. Unusually cold weather exacerbated problems, bringing famine and reducing tribute payments from Egypt.

Celali / Mamluk / tribute payments

Who or what was most responsible for facilitating global trade networks in seventeenth and eighteenth centuries?

Chartered Companies

What can you deduce about Ottoman coffeehouse culture from this image?

Coffeehouse culture was lively and energetic. Coffee-drinking guests engaged in leisurely or intellectual discussion.

Seven Years War

This event was a contest between European powers for control of both colonies and global trade networks.