Chapter 13 Migration

Anthropologist Jason De León uses a four-field anthropological approach when studying the experiences of Mexican migrants attempting to cross the U.S. border. Identify the reasons he gives for his use of the four-field approach.

(The four-field approach doesn't refer to multiple cultures but rather to the use of all four fields of anthropology: archaeology, physical anthropology, cultural anthropology, and linguistic anthropology.) One approach does not tell the whole story. Different scenarios call for different skills and tools. NOT: It enables him look at the multiple cultures involved. It is more respected in the scientific community.

Remittances have a significant impact on migrants' families and communities. Identify the examples of remittances

A migrant worker sends money to his or her family back home. A migrant worker sends money to his or her school building fund back home. A migrant worker shares Western ideas with his or her family back home. NOT: A migrant worker joins a hometown association.

Brain drain occurs when highly skilled professionals leave their country of origin for opportunities in more developed countries. Identify which regions experience brain drain.

Africa southeast Asia India NOT: US

U.S. immigration law changes to reflect current sentiments and worries about immigration. Identify the correct dates for the following immigration acts.

Chinese Exclusion- 1882 National Origins Act- 1924 US immigrant and nationalities act-1965

Labor immigrants move in search of low-skill and low-wage jobs, and constitute the majority of migrant workers today. Identify some of the effects of the presence of labor immigrants in the United States.

Labor immigrants keep prices down. Labor immigrants enable businesses to remain open. NOT: Labor immigrants take jobs that native workers want. Labor immigrants drive prices up.

In the 1980s, the Chinese government created special export processing zones on the coast to attract foreign investors and boost industrial production. Identify the effects of these zones.

Large numbers of labor migrants moved from rural China to cities. They made the plight of internal migrants worse due to poor conditions. NOT: Environmental regulation has increased in these areas. Workers are paid highly for their work.

Anthropologist Catherine Besteman's ethnography Making Refuge (2016) tells the story of the international journey of Somali Bantu immigrants. During and after the Somalian civil war, many refugees fled to the small town of Lewiston, Maine, whose population of 35,000 people was mainly white. Identify the influences of the Somali immigrants on the town of Lewiston

Lewiston locals and Somalian refugees began to work together in creative ways. Somali businesses and organizations revitalized the downtown. Incorrect: Somali refugees did not integrate with the local community. Somali subsistence farmers were not able to open local businesses in Lewiston.

Time-space compression has transformed the immigrant experience of today, creating transnational migrants. Identify the examples of transnational immigrants.

Long Island Mexican Americans who hold political office in Mexico Fuzhounese workers in the New York City area who maintain ties via hometown associations European immigrants to the United States in the nineteenth century who exchanged letters, money, and arranged marriages across the Atlantic NOT: American citizens who live full time in the United States but travel frequently around the world for a variety of reasons

Anthropologist Bruce Whitehouse studied migration patterns within Africa. He focused on the particular experience of Malian migrants, from a town he calls Togotala, who move to Brazzaville, the capital of the Republic of the Congo, where they are able to find work. Identify the reasons he gives for why Malian migrants still maintain a strong connection with their faraway hometown.

Malian migrants are excluded from many aspects of life in Brazzaville. Malian migrants send back remittances to the community. NOT: Malian migrants are only legally allowed to stay in Brazzaville for a specific period of time. Malian migrants try to convince their families to move to Brazzaville with them.

In his ethnography Brokered Homeland (2002), Joshua Hotaka Roth studies the experiences of Brazilian Nikkeijin, who are Japanese or descendants of Japanese citizens who live overseas. Upon returning to Japan, many Brazilian Nikkeijin created their own ethnic niche in Japan. Identify why this new cultural development occurred.

Nikkeijin were treated as outsiders by Japanese residents

The United States Immigrant and Nationalities Act of 1965 drastically changed immigration patterns to the United States. Identify the following statistics as applying to either pre-1965 immigration or post-1965 immigration.

Pre: primarily immigrants from Europe mostly labor immigrants Post: more professional immigrants primarily immigrants from Latin America

Large numbers of migrants move to the United States in search of better opportunities and a higher quality of life. Identify the statements that apply to immigration in the United States.

The largest foreign-born population in the United States is from Mexico. The United States has the highest number of immigrants out of any country in the world. DOES NOT: The United States has never limited immigration based on migrants' national origin. The United States has the highest percentage of immigrants in its population out of any country in the world.

Dubai's importance as a trade port has led to a long history of Indians migrating there for the opportunities presented in the city, where they have established their own neighborhoods and communities. Anthropologist Neha Vora writes about Indian immigrant entrepreneurs in Dubai in her ethnography Impossible Citizens (2013). Identify the challenges faced by Indian immigrants in Dubai.

They are taken advantage of by other Indian immigrants. They are not able to obtain citizenship in the United Arab Emirates. NOT: They stay settled in Dubai and do not travel to India with much frequency. They are not granted rights to own a business.

Immigration debates and the media in the United States often paint a certain picture of what most immigrants are like. Identify which of the following statements apply to most U.S. immigrants.

They have skills, education, and financial resources above their country's average. They come from a wide variety of class backgrounds. NOT: They are refugees, given a place to live by the federal government. They are poor, undocumented, and without financial resources.

Although they still represent a small percentage of immigrants worldwide, scholars have become interested in a new type of immigrant termed the cosmonaut. Identify what cosmonaut means in this context.

are elite professional immigrants who relocate for extended periods of time or travel between countries on a weekly basis

Immigrants participate in__by supporting and helping their friends and family back home to immigrate as well. This practice can contribute to___,when a culture is created in which immigration is expected.

chain migration; cumulative causation

In this quote, Chen Dawei, a young immigrant man from China, discusses his immigrant experience. Identify the factors he said influenced his move to the United States. I didn't really want to go to America. But everyone else my age had already gone. I didn't want to seem stupid. My parents really wanted to send me. They have a little shop on the main street. We aren't poor. But we don't make much money either. Making $1,500 a month as a delivery man for a Chinese restaurant in the United States sounds really good when your family is lucky to make that much in a whole year back home. I really didn't want to go. But people kept calling to say how well they were doing. Both of my uncles were already in the U.S. Lots of people were sending money back home. And people who got green cards would come back and build a nice home for their family.

cumulative causation pushes and pulls chain migration NOT: brain drain (Brain drain refers to highly skilled professional immigrants leaving their country of origin. This leaves a lack of skilled professionals in their home countries.)

In 2015, 243 million international migrants were counted around the world. Identify the continent to which the highest percentage of international migrants relocate.

europe

Anthropologists consider migration to be a___that affects men and women in distinct ways. As increased numbers of___migrate for work, they expand their social networks and economic opportunities and are able to provide for their families possibly for the first time. On the other hand, immigrant___may lose status in domestic and public spheres as a result of migration.

gendered process; women; men

Identify the largest minority group in the United States today.

hispanics

Bridges for immigration are one factor in the complex decision-making process that people go through when migrating to a new place. Identify the examples of bridges for immigration.

hometown associations media NOT: higher-education opportunities ethnic conflict

The immigrant experience varies greatly based on generation. Match the immigrant generations to their descriptions.

immigrants who left their home countries as adults-first-generation children of immigrants, born and raised in the new country-second-generation children born in the home country who then migrate with their parents and grow up in the new host country-1.5-generation

Guest worker programs give a certain type of immigrant temporary work privileges but bars them from settling long-term in a country. Identify the type of immigrant that enters host countries via guest worker programs.

labor immigrants

Push and pull factors shape migration patterns around the world as migrants are forced to leave their home countries and choose to settle in certain countries. Identify the following examples as either push factors or pull factors.

push: war famine Pull: better opportunities health-care access

Identify whether the following statements apply to refugees, internally displaced persons, or both.

refugees: forced to move beyond national borders 19.5 million people worldwide internationally displaced persons: 38.2 million people worldwide forced to move within country of origin Both: forced to move due to persecution, armed conflict, or disasters

Professional immigrants work in middle-class professions as doctors, nurses, lawyers, engineers, or in management roles. Identify the factor that professional immigrants have access to that gives them an advantage over other types of immigrants.

social capital (Professional immigrants often possess social capital in the form of language skills, education, and social and kinship networks. Additionally, they usually have access to financial capital. Thus, they are equipped to enter into middle- and upper-class professions upon entry into a new country.)

In his ethnography Fresh Fruit, Broken Bodies (2013), anthropologist Seth Holmes wrote about the impact of harsh physical and emotional conditions on the bodies of migrant farm workers in the United States. What does Holmes suggest is the result of the failure to resolve debates about undocumented farm workers?

social inequality has become normalized and naturalized in the US

Although the national origin myth of the United States supports immigration as central to the founding of the country, the United States and its people have rarely been friendly to immigrants. Match the ethnic group with their immigration experience in the United States.

targeted with specific exclusion acts-Chinese targeted with gang violence-Italian and Irish Catholics targeted with state-sponsored genocide and removed from their lands-Native Americans targeted to be sold into slavery-Africans

As immigrants bring their cultures to the United States, debates rage about what cultural practices should be allowed and embraced, and which should be prohibited. The court case Church of the Lukumi Babulu Ayea v. City of Hialeah, which continued for six years, demonstrates one such argument against a Santería congregation started by Cuban and Haitian immigrants in Hialeah, Florida. Identify why a court case was brought against the Church of the Lukumi Babulu Ayea.

the church's religious rituals included animal sacrifice

Second-generation immigrants occupy a unique place in U.S. culture. Identify the experiences of second-generation immigrants in the United States.

they are deeply integrated in mainstream US culture

Only 3 percent of the world's population migrates internationally.

true