Chapter 13 PSY
developing prejudices against those of lower status to justify keeping things as they are
social inequalities
social roots of prejudice include
social inequalities and division
This has the social context that: group projects
social loafing
the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when the individually accountable
social loafing
T or F: obedience is highest when there are role models for defiance
False: no role models
T or F: obedience is highest when the person give the order was far away at hand and was perceived to be a legitimate authority figure
False; close at hand
T or F: social loafing is not caused by free ride on others' efforts
False; it is caused
T or F: in the presence of others, an individual is more likely to notice a situation, correctly interpret it and an emergent, and take responsibility for offering help
False; less likely
T or F: our attitudes do not often influence our actions as we behave in ways consistent with out beliefs
False; they do influence
Who proposed the attribution theory?
Fritz Heider
who is the cognitive dissonance related to
Leon Festinger
the scientific study of how we think about, influence and relate to one another
social psychology
___ ___ are situations in which people in conflict pursue their own individual self-interest, harming the collective well-being
social traps
___ psychologists focus on the situation and study ___ influences that explain why the same person acts different in different situations
social; social
Why do sports fans tend to feel a sense of satisfaction when their archrival team loses? do such feelings, in other settings, make conflict resolution more challenging?
sports fans may feel that are a part of an ingroup that sets itself apart from an outgrip (fans of the archrival team)
Psychology's most famous obedience experiments, in which most participants obeyed an authority figure's demands to inflict presumed painful, dangerous shocks on an innocent participant, were conducted by social psychologist ______________ ______________.
stanley milgram
Conformity is to obedience as _____ is to _____.
Asch and Milgram
Prejudice toward a group involves negative feelings, a tendency to discriminate, and overly generalized beliefs referred to as
stereotype
Tyrel is an African-American man. He is more likely to be judged more harshly if he commits:
street gambling
What did Milgram's obedience experiments teach us about the power of social influence?
strong social influences can make ordinary people confirm to falsehoods or capitulate to cruelty
One way of resolving conflicts and fostering cooperation is by giving rival groups shared goals that help them override their differences. These are called __________ goals.
superordinate
After Mrs. Chanski and her children had helped themselves to free samples of the cookies promoted in the grocery store, she felt obligated to buy some even though they seemed unreasonably expensive. Her reaction BEST illustrates the significance of:
the reciprocity norm
T or F: the Internet communication magnifies the effect of connecting like-minded people for better or worse
true
The fundamental attribution error involves:
underestimating situational influences on another's behavior.
forming attitudes toward a category of people based on the most memorable examples
vivid cases
When are people MOST likely to obey an order related to harming someone else?
when the person being harmed is far away
do mood and our similarity to the victim affect our willingness to help
yes
does feeling of less accountable contribute to social loafing
yes
does viewing individual contributions as dispensable contribute to social loafing
yes
Ashanti has strong feelings about the administration's policies regarding refugee families seeking asylum in the United States. These feelings reflect Ashanti's political beliefs and may cause her to attend a protest in her town in the near future. Ashanti's feelings, beliefs, and actions reflect what social psychologists call a(n):
attitude
____ are feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose our reactions to objects, people, and events
attitudes
the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition
attribution theory
Discrimination is a negative _____, whereas prejudice is a negative _____.
behavior; attitude
Prejudice's three components are...
beliefs, emotions and predisposition to action
____ influences our threshold for aggressive behaviors
biology
When have animals been bred for aggressiveness?
both for sport and for research
what social psychology principle did the Kitty Genovese incident illustrate
bystander effect; each witness assumed many others were aware of the event
clarifying people into groups, which often leads to stereotyping
categorization
Ex. to persuade buyers to purchase a new gadget, an ad might itemize all the latest features
central route persuasion
This occurs MOST often when people are naturally analytical or involved in an issue.
central route persuasion
occurs when interested people's thinking is influence by considering evidence and arguments
central route persuasion
_____ route persuasion uses evidence and argument to motivate careful thinking, whereas _____ route persuasion uses superficial cues to trigger emotion-based judgments
central; peripheral
Chartrand and BArgh call the social contagion the ___ ___
chameleon effect
___ ___ theory suggests that we will reduce tension by changing our attitudes to match our actions
cognitive dissonace
Jamal's therapist has suggested that Jamal should "act as if" he is confident, even though he feels insecure and shy. Which social psychological theory would best support this suggestion, and what might the therapist be hoping to achieve?
cognitive dissonance
When people act in a way that is not in keeping with their attitudes, and then change their attitudes to match those actions, ______________ ______________ theory attempts to explain why.
cognitive dissonance
Ex. when we become aware that our attributes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes
cognitive dissonance theory
the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions are inconsistent.
cognitive dissonance theory
____ love is the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.
companionate
A happy couple celebrating their 50th wedding anniversary is likely to experience deep ____ love, even though their _____ love has probably decreased over the years.
companionate; passionate
When we adjust our own behavior or thinking so that it coincides with a group standard, we are exhibiting
conformity
adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group or standard
conformity
You are organizing a meeting of fiercely competitive political candidates. To add to the fun, friends have suggested handing out masks of the candidates' faces for supporters to wear. What phenomenon might these masks engage?
deindivduation
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
deindividuation
this has behavioral effect of: lowered self-restraint
deindividuation
this occurs when group participation makes people both aroused and anonymous
deindividuation
when more people share responsibility for helping ___ is likely to occur
diffusion of responsibility
implicit prejudices can cause the ___ even when people do not consciously intend to
discrimination
what are some ways to reconcile conflicts and promote peace
encourage equal-status contact, have subordinate goals, have each side give a little
we can attribute the behavior to the person's stable, ____ traits (dispositional attribution) or we can attribute it to the ____ (a situational attribution)
enduring; situation
Two vital components for maintaining companionate love are ______________ and ______________-______________.
equity' self-disclosure
prejudice that is overt is called
explicit prejudice
what social-cultural influences interact to produce aggressive behaviors
exposure to violent media or being ostracized from a group
We tend to agree to a larger request more readily if we have already agreed to a small request. This tendency is called the ___ - ___ - ___ - ___ phenomenon.
foot-in-the-door
the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
what psychological influences interact to produce aggressive behaviors
frustration or previous rewards for aggressive acts, or observation of others aggression
a study indicated that most teen boys and girls believe the women they see in online porn are experiencing real sexual pleasure. but the situation - being infant of the camera - suggests the women are acting their role. social psychologists might explain the teens misperception as the ___ ___ error
fundamental attribution
A political scientist explains a politician's popularity by citing the trait of authoritarianism among his supporters rather than by noting the economic uncertainty they face. The scientist may be reflecting:
fundamental attribution error
Ex. gabby is quiet in class but catch her outside of class at a party and she's loud asf
fundamental attribution error
Tendency, when analyzing others' behavior, to overestimate the influence of the personal traits and underestimate the effects of the situation
fundamental attribution error
we overestimate the influence of personality and underestimate the influence of situations
fundamental attribution error
Driving to school one snowy day, Marco narrowly misses a car that slides through a red light. "Slow down! What a terrible driver," he thinks to himself. Moments later, Marco himself slips through an intersection and yelps, "Wow! These roads are awful. The city plows need to get out here." What social psychology principle has Marco just demonstrated? Explain.
fundamental attribution error; he attributes to the other person that they are a terrible driver but states in his own situation that the roads are awful
developing favoritism toward people like us and prejudice toward the group
group identification
A group of racially prejudiced high school students discussed racial issues. During the conversation, their attitudes became even more prejudiced. This BEST illustrates:
group polarization
When like-minded groups discuss a topic, and the result is the strengthening of the prevailing opinion, this is called ______________ ______________.
group polarization
Which phenomenon can BEST explain the emergence of student radicalism in the 1960s?
group polarization
____ _____ can have beneficial results, as when low-prejudice students become even more accepting while discussing racial issues
group polarization
the enhancement of a gorup's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group
group polarization
A dictator who has a lot of yes-men around to support his suggestions makes decisions that are increasingly ill-considered and divorced from reality. This is an example of:
group think
The tragic decision to launch the space shuttle Challenger resulted in part from the minimal expression of dissenting views among NASA personnel and advisers. This BEST illustrates the dangers of _____.
groupthink
When a group's desire for harmony overrides its realistic analysis of other options, ______________ has occurred.
groupthink
the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
groupthink
assuming that victims of bad events should have expected what was coming
hindsight bias
what are some evidence-based ways to effectively persuade others
identify shared values, appeal to others's admirable motives, make your message vivid and repeat it, get you audience to actively engage with your messge
when are we least likely to help
if bystanders are present (bystander effect)
an unthinking knee jerk response operating below conscious awareness is...
implicit prejudice
A conference of social scientists studying the effects of pornography unanimously agreed that violent pornography
leads viewers to more accepting coercion in sexual relations
Studies show that parents of delinquent young people tend to use beatings to enforce discipline. This suggests that aggression can be
learned through observation of aggressive models
social loafing is common in ____ among many cultures
men
the more familiar a stimulus becomes, the more we tend to like it. this exemplifies the __ __ effecy
mere exposure
People tend to marry someone who lives or works nearby. This is an example of the ______________ ______________ ______________ in action.
mere exposure effect
The mere exposure effect occurs when repeated contact with someone or something increases your liking of them.
mere exposure effect
exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of those stimuli
mere exposure effect
Our enemies often have many of the same negative impressions of us as we have of them. This exemplifies the concept of __________-__________ perceptions.
mirror image
when each party views the opponent as untrustworthy and evil-intentioned, and itself as an ethical peaceful victim
mirror-image perception
distorted, negative images that are ironically similar
mirror-image perceptions
the other-race effect occurs when we assume that groups are ___ homogenous than our own group
more
After watching violent pornographic movies on late-night cable TV, Myron will probably be:
more likely to treat women in a punitive manner
A win-win orientation is one that leads to:
mutually beneficial resolutions
Despite her mother's pleas to use a more ergonomic backpack, Antonia insists on trying to carry all of her books to high school in an oversized purse the way her fashionable friends all seem to do. Antonia is affected by what type of social influence?
normative social influence
Makayla has heard that the teachers are considering switching her to the gifted class. Makayla decides to dumb down to act more like her friends. She begins answering questions incorrectly in class, on purpose, in order to be more like her friends. Her behavior is an example of:
normative social influence
influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
normative social influence
____ prescribe "proper" behavior
norms
understood rules for accepted and expected behavior
norms
when are we most likely to help other when we...
notice an incident, interpret it is an emergency, and assume responsibility for helping
the bystander effect states that a particular bystander is less likely to give aid if
other people are present
After vigorous exercise, you meet an attractive person, and you are suddenly seized by romantic feelings for that person. This response supports the two-factor theory of emotion, which assumes that emotions, such as passionate love, consist of physical arousal plus
our interpretation of that arousal
Those perceived as different or apart from one's group are their:
outgroup
If several well-publicized murders are committed by members of a particular group, we may tend to react with fear and suspicion toward all members of that group. in other words, we ...
overgeneralize from vivid memorable causes
As passionate love matures into a calm and steady companionate love, the bonding of two partners is MOST likely to be facilitated by:
oxytocin
love that is an intensely aroused state
passionate love
Celebrity endorsements in advertising often lead consumers to purchase products through __________ (central/peripheral) route persuasion.
peripheral
Jwa is about to cast his vote for mayor and is voting for a candidate because the person is Asian American. Jwa used which of the following to make her decision?
peripheral route
Changing opinions because of incidental cues such as a speaker's attractiveness illustrates:
peripheral route persuasion
occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness
peripheral route persuasion
this uses attention-getting cues to trigger speedy, emotion-based judgments
peripheral route persuasion
emotion consist of:
physical arousal and interpretation of that arousal
An unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members is called
prejudice
Sara and a colleague are having dinner together. While they wait on their order, a Muslim family enters the restaurant, and the woman is wearing a hijab. Sara's colleague leans closer to her and says, "I am not sure how she expects to eat with all of that junk covering her face." Her colleague is demonstrating:
prejudice
ingroup tends to develop, leading to ___ and the view that the ____ deserves misfortune. so the archrival's teams loss may seem ___
prejudice; outgroup; justified
___ increases liking, in part bc of the ___ ___ ___
proximity; mere exposure effect
a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
role
After the events of 9/11, some Americans began boycotting Arab-American stores and lashing out at any Middle Eastern person they saw. This behavior is BEST explained in terms of the _____ theory.
scapegoat
When prejudiced judgment causes us to blame an innocent person for a problem, that person is called a ______________.
scapegoat
coping with anger or frustration by blaming others for negative events our own failures
scapegoating
perceptions can become:
self-fulfilling prophecies
A belief that leads to its own realization is called:
self-fulfilling prophecy
Heterosexual pornography most directly influences men's aggression toward women when the following is true:
sexual violence is portrayed
____ factors, such as strong social pressures can override the attitude-behavior connection
situational
If one of us yawns, laughs, coughs, or checks our phone, others in the group will often do the same. this is due to:
social contagion
behavior is influenced by ____ ____
social contagion
in this view, the goal of social behavior is maximizing personal benefits and minimizing costs
social exchange theory
the view that we help others because it is on our own self-interest
social exchange theory
Norman Triplett observed that adolescents wound a fishing reel faster in the presence of someone working simultaneously on the same task. This BEST illustrates _____.
social facilitation
This has the social context that: individual is being observed
social facilitation
this has behavioral effect of: amplified dominant behavior, such as doing better what one does well, or doing worse what is difficult
social facilitation
T or F: obedience is highest when the authority figure was supported by a powerful or prestigious institution
True
T or F: obedience is highest when the victim was depersonalize or at a distance, even in another room
True
T or F: our actions influence our attitudes; we come to believe in what we have done
True
T or F: social contagion is not confined to behavior
True
T or F: social loafing is caused by an overestimate in their own contributions
True
Evidence of a biochemical influence on aggression is the finding that
a higher than average level of the hormone testosterone is association with violent behavior in males
Your sister-in-law always has a smile on her face and a story to tell. The moment she walks into your house, you start smiling, even before she says something funny. Your attitude is NOT a result of:
a joke
in psychology, ___ is any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally
agression
___ is unselfish regard for the well-being of others
altruism
How does the two-factor theory of emotion help explain passionate love?
any source of arousal may be interpreted as passion in the presence of a desirable person
influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality
informational social influence
when we accept others opinions about reality. as when reading online move or restaurant reviews, we are responding to:
informational social influence
During a discussion, Dr. Mansfield argues that Asch's participants conformed to the confederates' responses because they wished to be correct about the lengths of the lines in the experiment. Dr. Roach counters that the participants conformed because they simply sought the confederates' approval. Dr. Mansfield is suggesting that Asch's conformity is an example of _____ social influence. Dr. Roach is suggesting instead that it reflects _____ social influence.
informational; normative
How does romantic love typically change as time passes?
intimate love relationships start with passionate love, overtime companionate love may develop
The belief that an individual "must have done something" to be arrested by law enforcement officers BEST illustrates:
just world
believing that people get what they deserve, justifying prejudice against the unfortunate
just world phenomenon
Chuck has just moved into a new neighborhood. This new neighborhood is full of people addicted to drugs who live in run-down houses in horrible condition. He often sees them struggling to find food on the street and shivering through the cold winter. When his friend asks him if he feels bad seeing these people suffer, he replies, "Good people don't end up that way, so I don't feel bad for them." Chuck's attitude BEST illustrates
just world pheomenon
How does being physically attractive influence others' perceptions?
tends to elicit positive first impressions
what biological influences interact to produce aggressive behaviors
testosterone and alcohol
The text notes that in some nations, political conservatives explain the poverty and unemployment of some members of society by citing their lack of initiative or responsibility. This explanation MOST closely reflects:
the fundamental attribution error
in Milgram's experiments, the rate of obedience was highest when:
the learner was at a distance from the teacher
Researchers have found that a person is most likely to conform to a group if
the person admires the groups status
