Chapter 13: Psychological Disorders

Réussis tes devoirs et examens dès maintenant avec Quizwiz!

How do chronic and acute schizophrenia differ?

Chronic and acute schizophrenia differ in that chronic schizophrenia is not likely to be overcome rather than sudden acute schizophrenia following stress.

bipolar disorder

mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania

opiates

opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

halluncinogens

psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

anxiety disorders

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

mood disorders

psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes

binge-eating disorder

significant binge eating, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa

DSM-5

the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders

medical model

the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital

withdrawal

the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing an addictive drug or behavior

What biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors help explain why some people abuse mind-altering drugs?

Biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors that help explain why some people abuse mind-altering drugs include a genetic predisposition including particular traits and genes that influence substance abuse, a feeling of life being meaningless and directionless, experiencing significant stress, expectations and pressures coming from media and peers, and location.

How and why do clinicians classify psychological disorders, and why do some psychologists criticize the use of diagnostic labels?

Clinicians classify psychological disorders using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) because by doing this it makes it easier for clinicians to communicate through one another in clinical and research settings that seek to discover causes and treatments, as well as provident patients with the notion that they are not alone in their symptoms. Some psychologists criticize the use of diagnostic labels because labels can be self-fulfilling, as demonstrated by David Rosenhan when he and other mentally sane participants were admitted and treated for psychological disorders when they went to hospitals and complained of hearing voices.

How do depressants, such as alcohol, influences neural activity and behavior?

Depressants, such as alcohol, influence neural activity and behavior by slowing mental processing, including judgment and reasoning abilities. Alcohol also reduces inhibitions and disrupts memory as do barbiturates and opiates. Depressants can be highly addictive and their inhibiting effects on the brain and depressing effects on the body can sometimes lead to death by overdose or behavior under the influence.

What are dissociative disorders, and why are they controversial?

Dissociative disorders are characterized by dissociating with different parts of the self and they are controversial because its existence is relatively new and local to North America

methamphetamine

a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels

How do learning and biology contribute to the feelings and thoughts found in anxiety disorders, OCD, and PTSD?

Learning and biology contribute to the feelings and thoughts found in anxiety disorders, OCD, and PTSD in a variety of ways. Some fears are conditioned and reinforced by cognition, others are predisposed by our genetics and evolution, other fears have altered brain pathways that make it easier to experience feelings of anxiety with that particular stimulus.

What is OCD?

OCD is a disorder in which persistent, unwanted obsessive thoughts lead to compulsive rituals that lead to significant interference with daily life.

How is our understanding of psychological disorders affected by whether we use a medical model or a biopsychosocial approach?

Our understanding of psychological disorders is affected by whether we use a medical model, meaning that we see these disorders as illnesses with symptoms that can be diagnosed and treated, or a biopsychosocial approach by looking at the ways culture influences the experience of a psychological disorder.

What is PTSD?

PTSD is a condition experienced by some following a traumatic event in which recurring memories and nightmares haunt sufferers along with general social withdrawal, anxiety, and insomnia.

What patterns of thinking, perceiving, and feeling characterize schizophrenia?

Patterns of thinking, perceiving, and feeling that characterize schizophrenia include false beliefs called delusions and resulting disorganized speech, hallucinations or false perceptions, and inappropriate emotional responses or no emotional response.

Does research indicate a genetic contribution to schizophrenia?

Research does indicate a genetic contribution to schizophrenia that includes the influence of many genes, each with small effects, that could be epigenetic.

What roles to biology, thinking, and social behavior play in developing mood disorders?

Roles biology, thinking, and social behavior play in developing mood disorders includes genetic factors, differences in brain activity, negative thinking patterns and explanatory styles, and acting in ways that confirm negative thinking patterns.

schizophrenia

a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished inappropriate emotional expression

Why do some people attempt suicide, and why do some people injure themselves?

Some people attempt suicide to escape situations in which they feel enduring pain, they feel as if they are burdening friends and family, they feel disconnected from others, or they feel trapped. Some people injure themselves to relieve themselves of emotional pain via distraction of physical pain, as a form of asking for help or attention, to punish themselves, as a way to get others to change negative behavior, or to fit in with a peer group.

What are substance abuse disorders, and what role do tolerance, withdrawal, and addiction play in these disorders?

Substance abuse disorders are disorders in which an individual craves/uses psychoactive drugs despite significant life disruption and risks. Tolerance plays a role in developing an addiction as more of the substance is needed to achieve the same effect. Withdrawal plays a role in continuing addiction when the individual experiences undesirable side effects when attempting to quit the drug or behavior. Addiction plays a role in substance abuse disorders in that individuals crave and use the substance despite consequences.

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

a psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and /or hyperactivity and impulsivity

What are the main anxiety disorders, and how do anxiety disorders differ from the ordinary worries and fears we all experience?

The main anxiety disorders are generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and phobias. Anxiety disorders differ from the ordinary worries and fears that we all experience in that anxiety disorders often provoke intense feelings or anxiety without warning or control and often lead to avoidance behavior to prevent feeling anxiety.

What are the main mood disorders?

The main mood disorders are major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder.

How do the major stimulants affect neural activity and behavior?

The major stimulants affect neural activity and behavior by elevating mood and speeding up the body's functions. Commonly they do so by affecting the body's production and reuptake of either dopamine or serotonin. Users often feel energetic, ecstatic, or confident, but can also expect to feel extreme crashes in mood that reinforce addiction and sometimes encourage negative behavior.

What are the physiological and psychological effects of LSD and marijuana?

The physiological and psychological effects of LSD include visual "trips" in which the mind conjures hallucinations and perceptions without sensory input and users can expect a variety of emotions depending on their situation, some experience euphoria, others panic. The physiological and psychological effects of marijuana include feelings of euphoria, sometimes paranoia, enhanced sensations, relaxation, slowed reaction time, impaired memory, and damage to lungs if inhaling smoke.

Why is there controversy over attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?

There is controversy over attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder because many believe it is over or misdiagnosed and the effects of the prescriptions used to treat it do reduce hyperactivity but may have adverse effects on individuals with prolonged use.

What are three major eating disorders?

Three major eating disorders are anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder.

nicotine

a stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco

What do we know about the brain chemistry, functions, and structures associated with schizophrenia, and what have we learned about prenatal risk factors?

We know that brain chemistry, functions, and structure associated with schizophrenia include more dopamine receptors, lowered frontal lob activity, and loss of brain tissue replaced with fluid. We have learned that prenatal risk factors of schizophrenia include exposure to viral infections around the midpoint of a pregnancy.

How should we draw the line between normal behavior and psychological disorder?

We should draw the line between normal behavior and psychological disorder when an individual's distressing thoughts, emotions, or behaviors interfere significantly with their day-to-day life.

psychoactive drug

a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia lingering for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts and/or actions

mania

a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state

major depressive disorder

a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, a least one of which must be either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure

LSD

a powerful hallucinogenic drug; lysergic acid diethylamide

psychological disorder

a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in a person's thoughts, feelings, or behaviors

Ecstasy (MDMA)

a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen; produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition

alcohol use disorder

alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic use

near-death experience

an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death; often similar to drug-induced hallucinations

generalized anxiety disorder

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, fearful, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

phobia

an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation

panic disorder

an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person may experience terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations, followed by worry about a possible next attack

bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating with purging, fasting, or excessive exercise

addiction

compulsive craving of drugs or certain behaviors despite known harmful consequences

substance abuse disorder

continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk

barbiturates

drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment

stimulants

drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions; caffeine, nicotine, and more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, MDMA, and methamphetamines

depressants

drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions; ex. alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates

amphetamines

drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes

anorexia nervosa

eating disorder in which a person maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight; sometimes accompanied by excessive exercise

delusions

false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany schizophrenia and other disorders

THC

the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations

tolerance

with repeated use, the desired effect requires larger doses


Ensembles d'études connexes

Perfusion Knowledge Check Questions (4 on exam)

View Set

Series 6: Section 3- Provides Customers With Information About Investments, Makes Suitable Recommendations, Transfers Assets and Maintains Appropriate Records

View Set

Spanish Finals - 8th Grade, Study Guide.

View Set

Macroeconomics - Ch. 10 - Final Exam

View Set