Chapter 13 Quiz BIO 150

Select characteristics exhibited by exotoxins, but not exhibited by endotoxins. 1.) Composed of lipopolysaccharide 2.) Require very small doses to cause toxic effects 3.) Secreted from a living cell 4.) Heat-stable 5.) Have very specific targets 6.) Fever-inducing

2.) Require very small doses to cause toxic effects 3.) Secreted from a living cell 5.) Have very specific targets

Acute infection

Infection comes on rapidly, with severe but short-lived effects

Systemic infection

Infection spreads to several sites and tissue fluids, and may travel via nerves and CSF

Mixed infection

Several microbes establish themselves simultaneously at the infection site

Propagated epidemic

HIV has spread across the U.S. since the first diagnosis in the 1980s.

MRSA

Healthcare-associated

Common-source epidemic

The cantaloupes from a farm in Colorado sickened people with listeriosis over the course of several months

Chronic infection

nfection that persists over a long period of time (ex. HIV)

Point-source epidemic

Graph would show a single prominent spike, restricted to a few days.

Propagated epidemic

Graph would show a steady increase in number of cases over time, followed by a slow tapering.

Common-source epidemic

Graph would show a sustained increase in cases over a period of time until source is identified and eliminated.

Order the four steps of Koch's postulates as they would normally be applied. a.) Reisolate the disease agent from the test subject which now shows signs of disease. b.) Find evidence of a particular microbe in every case of a particular disease. c.) Inoculate a susceptible healthy subject with the laboratory isolate of the potential pathogen and observe the resultant disease. d.) Isolate the suspected microbe from an infected host and cultivate it in pure culture in the laboratory.

1. b.) Find evidence of a particular microbe in every case of a particular disease. 2. d.) Isolate the suspected microbe from an infected host and cultivate it in pure culture in the laboratory. 3. c.) Inoculate a susceptible healthy subject with the laboratory isolate of the potential pathogen and observe the resultant disease. 4. a.) Reisolate the disease agent from the test subject which now shows signs of disease.

Order the following steps a microorganism takes in the process of establishing disease. a.) Microbe overcomes host defenses. b.) Microbe enters through its portal of entry c.) Microbe attaches to receptor on host d.) Disease is established

1. b.) Microbe enters through its portal of entry 2. c.) Microbe attaches to receptor on host 3. a.) Microbe overcomes host defenses. 4. d.) Disease is established

Properly order the four stages of clinical infection. a.) Prodromal stage b.) Convalescent period c.) Incubation period d.) Period of invasion

1. c.) Incubation period 2. a.) Prodromal stage 3. d.) Period of invasion 4. b.) Convalescent period

Select characteristics exhibited by endotoxins, but not exhibited by exotoxins. 1.) Composed of lipopolysaccharide 2.) Require very small doses to cause toxic effects 3.) Secreted from a living cell 4.) Heat-stable 5.) Have very specific targets 6.) Fever-inducing

1.) Composed of lipopolysaccharide 4.) Heat-stable 6.) Fever-inducing

Select the patterns of indirect (vehicle) transmission of infectious disease. 1.) Food, water 2.) Kissing, touching 3.) Fomites 4.) Air 5.) Droplets 6.) Soil

1.) Food, water 3.) Fomites 4.) Air 6.) Soil

Select the statements that accurately reflect characteristics of epidemiology from the choices below. 1.) The CDC is primarily responsible for the tracking of infectious diseases in the U.S. 2.) Barbara McClintock helped establish the foundations of modern epidemiology. 3.) Epidemiology applies concepts of microbiology, physiology, medicine, sociology, and many more disciplines. 4.) Epidemiologists only study infectious diseases and their statistics within a population. 5.) Epidemiologists study the frequency and distribution of disease within a population.

1.) The CDC is primarily responsible for the tracking of infectious diseases in the U.S. 3.) Epidemiology applies concepts of microbiology, physiology, medicine, sociology, and many more disciplines. 5.) Epidemiologists study the frequency and distribution of disease within a population.

The principal United States government agency responsible for keeping track of infectious diseases nationwide is the ______. 1.) FDA 2.) CDC 3.) USDA 4.) WHO

2.) CDC

Assess the following statements, and select those that correctly apply to the properties of exotoxins and endotoxins. 1.) Exotoxins typically cause systemic effects, whereas endotoxins precisely target a specific tissue type; e.g., neurological tissue. 2.) Exotoxins are made of protein that are synthesized and secreted by a living cell, whereas endotoxins are comprised of lipopolysaccharide found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. 3.) Endotoxins demonstrate potent toxicity; their lethal dose is low compared to exotoxins, which require a high dose to cause disease manifestations. 4.) Hemolysins are examples of endotoxin. They may exhibit β-hemolysis, complete lysis of erythrocytes; or α-hemolysis, partial lysis which manifests as a greenish tinge on blood agar. 5.) Endotoxin is a pyrogen that routinely causes a fever whereas exotoxins do not usually cause a fever unless TNF production is stimulated as part of the pathogenic effects.

2.) Exotoxins are made of protein that are synthesized and secreted by a living cell, whereas endotoxins are comprised of lipopolysaccharide found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. 5.) Endotoxin is a pyrogen that routinely causes a fever whereas exotoxins do not usually cause a fever unless TNF production is stimulated as part of the pathogenic effects.

A teacher walking through her first grade classroom pauses to pick up a used tissue that had ended up on the floor instead of in the waste basket. Unfortunately, after discarding the tissue, she doesn't immediately wash her hands and acquires a strain of rhinovirus. Several days later, she begins to experience symptoms of a cold. Based upon this scenario, please select the mode of disease transmission demonstrated here. 1.) Vector 2.) Fomite 3.) Droplet 4.) Air

2.) Fomite

Select the patterns of direct (contact) transmission of infectious disease. 1.) Food, water 2.) Kissing, touching 3.)Fomites 4.) Droplets from sneezing/coughing 5.) Air 6.) Skin punctures (intentional or unintentional)

2.) Kissing, touching 4.) Droplets from sneezing/coughing 6.) Skin punctures (intentional or unintentional)

During a recent survey, 0.014% of the population showed evidence of a particular respiratory infection. Select the term that is illustrated by this statistic. 1.) Endemic rate 2.) Prevalence 3.) Incidence 4.) Mortality

2.) Prevalence

Select the statements that accurately reflect virulence factors. 1.) Virulence factors only cause direct damage to host tissues. 2.) Streptokinase is an enzyme that dissolves fibrin clots to assist in the invasion of tissue. 3.) Toxins are examples of virulence factors. 4.) Bacterial capsules are not considered virulence factors for they do not directly damage the host.

2.) Streptokinase is an enzyme that dissolves fibrin clots to assist in the invasion of tissue. 3.) Toxins are examples of virulence factors.

Select the three most prevalent types of healthcare-associated infections. 1.) Septicemia 2.) Surgical site infections 3.) Skin infections 4.) Urinary tract infections 5.) Respiratory infections 6.) Reproductive tract infections

2.) Surgical site infections 4.) Urinary tract infections 5.) Respiratory infections

Please read the following scenario: "Molly developed gastroenteritis after eating raw cookie dough. Upon culture of her stool, the causative agent was shown to be Salmonella typhimurium. Presumably, the Salmonella was in the uncooked eggs in the raw cookie dough." What is the reservoir for the infection in this case? 1.) The eggs 2.) The chickens from which the eggs came 3.) The cookie dough 4.) The infected individual (Molly)

2.) The chickens from which the eggs came

Select those circumstances in which Koch's postulates cannot be readily applied or would be inappropriate to establish the cause of a disease. 1.) The suspected pathogen infects animals but not humans. 2.) The suspected pathogen cannot be cultured in the laboratory. 3.) There is not a suitable experimental host for the suspected pathogen. 4.) The suspected pathogen produces disease both in humans and a suitable test animal. 5.) The disease is polymicrobial, caused by more than one pathogen.

2.) The suspected pathogen cannot be cultured in the laboratory. 3.) There is not a suitable experimental host for the suspected pathogen. 5.) The disease is polymicrobial, caused by more than one pathogen.

Select the two major goals of the Human Microbiome Project. 1.) Determine antibiotic susceptibility of the most prevalent microorganisms among human microbiota 2.) To enumerate all of the members of the human microbiota, both those that can be cultured and those that are nonculturable 3.) To eradicate those members of the normal microbiota that may potentially cause disease 4.) To determine the role the human microbiota plays in health and disease

2.) To enumerate all of the members of the human microbiota, both those that can be cultured and those that are nonculturable 4.) To determine the role the human microbiota plays in health and disease

Diseases that must be documented by law to public health authorities in order to maintain proper surveillance at the local, state, nation and international levels are called ______ diseases. 1.) registered 2.) reportable 3.) sex-limited 4.) noninfectious

2.) reportable

Please choose the best definition of virulence factors. 1.) Characteristics of a microorganism, such as its Gram stain morphology, types of media it grows on, and colony morphology 2.) The sites within a host in which a microorganism can reside and cause disease 3.) Characteristics of a microorganism that enable it to establish infection and cause disease 4.) The natural habitats of the microorganism or the sources from which a host can become infected 5.) Factors that enable a microorganism to be resistant to antimicrobial medications

3.) Characteristics of a microorganism that enable it to establish infection and cause disease

Choose the statement that best describes the benefits of microbial antagonism to the human host. 1.) Microbial antagonism refers to the effects that antibiotics have on the normal microbiota. 2.) Microbial antagonism refers to the mechanisms by which a pathogen damages the host. 3.) Microbial antagonism occurs when members of the normal microbiota prevent pathogens from colonizing and becoming established in the body. 4.) Microbial antagonism keeps normal microbiota from colonizing some parts of the human body. 5.) Microbial antagonism refers to the effects that the human immune system has on the normal microbiota.

3.) Microbial antagonism occurs when members of the normal microbiota prevent pathogens from colonizing and becoming established in the body.

Select the answer that reflects the correct pairing of an enzyme and the host tissue it acts upon. 1.) Mucinase; skin and hair 2.) Coagulase; collagen fibers 3.) Keratinase; mucous membrane coating 4.) Hyaluronidase; ground substance of cells

4.) Hyaluronidase; ground substance of cells

Urogenital infections are caused by 1.) sexual intercourse and other intimate contact. 2.) organisms from other areas of the body such as the gastrointestinal tract. 3.) the overgrowth of normal microbiota. 4.) all of the above

4.) all of the above

Organisms that cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea usually enter the body through which portal of entry? 1.) skin 2.) urogenital tract 3.) respiratory tract 4.) gastrointestinal tract

4.) gastrointestinal tract

The minimum number of microorganisms necessary to enter the body and establish infection is termed the ______. 1.) minimal dose 2.) disease dose 3.) virulence dose 4.) infectious dose

4.) infectious dose

The ability of a nonpathogen or weakly pathogenic microorganism to cause disease primarily in an immunocompromised host is termed ______. 1.) pathogenicity 2.) antagonism 3.) virulence 4.) opportunism

4.) opportunism

Influenza virus is most likely to leave a host through which exit route? 1.) urine 2.) feces 3.) insect bite 4.) sneezing

4.) sneezing

During 2007, there were 3.6 new cases of pertussis per 100,000 susceptible individuals in the U.S., part of a steady increase that has been occurring since the 1980s. Select the term that is illustrated by this statistic. 1.) Endemic rate 2.) Mortality 3.) Epidemic rate 4.) Prevalence 5.) Incidence

5.) Incidence

Secondary infection

An example is influenza complicated by pneumonia

Lyme disease

Biological vector

Syphilis from unprotected sex

Direct contact

Chickenpox from one child coughing on another

Droplet

True or false? An infectious agent cannot be transmitted from a patient during the convalescent period.

False, depending on the infection, the causative agent may be transmitted during any one of the four stages of clinical infection.

True or false? Pathogens with smaller infectious doses exhibit less virulence.

False, pathogens exhibiting a low infectious dose are typically most virulent. In other words, they have a large capacity to establish in a host and cause disease so it doesn't take as many cells to result in an infection.

True or false? Colonization of a body tissue by microbes most often results in the establishment of disease.

False, this will only happen if the microbes enter through the correct portal and establish an infection.

True or false? Reservoirs are always humans or other animals.

False, while humans and other animals are examples of living reservoirs, there are also nonliving reservoirs, such as soil and water.

Localized infection

Microbes enter the body and remain confined to a specific tissue

Hepatitis B from needle sharing

Parenteral

Focal infection

The infectious agent spreads to other tissues from a local site

Primary infection

The initial infection

Point-source epidemic

The potato salad at the company picnic was left out too long, and later that night, 36 people experienced vomiting and diarrhea.

True or false? Resident microbiota can cause disease in some individuals if they gain access to the correct portal of entry.

True, endogenous microbes can still cause disease, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Even in healthy individuals, endogenous microbes can cause disease if they invade a different tissue of the body where they can multiply and cause damaging effects. One example is E. coli that colonizes the colon, but can be transmitted to the urinary tract through poor sanitary practices and cause a urinary tract infection (UTI).

True or false? The presence of a capsule can enhance a microbe's virulence.

True, the capsule is a virulence factor that can enhance a microbe's ability to evade immune defenses and cause disease.

Salmonellosis from egg salad at a picnic

Vehicle