Chapter 13 Quizzes
Ji-hoon is plagued by troubling thoughts and actions that cause him a great deal of distress. According to the definition of mental disorder used in this chapter, what additional question would you want answered before concluding that Ji-hoon suffers from a psychological disorder? "Does the behavior meet the definition of 'insanity'?" "Is the behavior abnormal?" "Do the thoughts and actions cause impairment?" "Is the condition treatable?"
"Do the thoughts and actions cause impairment?"
What is the main difference between a phobia and a fear? A fear is more distressing than a phobia. Phobias are more common than fears. A phobia must involve anxiety about more than one object or situation. A phobia is impairing and a fear is not.
A phobia is impairing and a fear is not.
Which of the following statements best characterizes what we know about the origins and development of posttraumatic stress disorder? Cases of PTSD seem to be the result of impaired cognitive functioning or neurological functioning that was present prior to the trauma, and were triggered by the traumatic event. The majority of combat veterans who experienced the horrors of war develop PTSD. Childhood trauma accounts for the majority of cases (about 60 percent) of PTSD. PTSD is caused by a single genetic variant that makes the peripheral nervous system hyperactive.
Cases of PTSD seem to be the result of impaired cognitive functioning or neurological functioning that was present prior to the trauma, and were triggered by the traumatic event.
Which of the following is not an argument that would support the learning model of addiction? Abstinence policies tend to increase rates of addiction rather than reduce them. Chemically manipulating brain regions causes the onset of addiction in laboratory animals. Not all addicts have withdrawal symptoms when they stop taking a drug. Addiction patterns vary according to cultural practices.
Chemically manipulating brain regions causes the onset of addiction in laboratory animals.
The main reference book used to aid in the clinical diagnosis of mental illness is called __________. IPV ICBM DMSO DSM
DSM
Emily was diagnosed with a serious mental illness. What is an appropriate way to describe her condition, being mindful of the pitfalls and promises of the DSM? Emily is insane. Emily is a mental patient. Emily is a person with schizophrenia. Emily is a schizophrenic.
Emily is a person with schizophrenia
What is the most reasonable conclusion about the role of genes in alcoholism? Genes do not play a role in alcoholism. The presence of a key gene will almost always cause a person to become an alcoholic. Without a key gene, a person cannot become an alcoholic. Genes may increase a person's vulnerability to some kinds of alcoholism.
Genes may increase a person's vulnerability to some kinds of alcoholism.
What evidence suggests that dissociative identity disorder is a culture-bound syndrome? Cases of true dissociative identity disorder have only been identified in Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, and Cameroon. Only a small number of dissociative identity disorder cases had been diagnosed worldwide, yet tens of thousands of cases in the United States and Canada were reported after the diagnosis became lucrative. A person's alters often speak with accents or in a foreign language. A suspected genetic marker of dissociative identity disorder has received increased research attention within the past decade.
Only a small number of dissociative identity disorder cases had been diagnosed worldwide, yet tens of thousands of cases in the United States and Canada were reported after the diagnosis became lucrative.
Which statement is false regarding psychological tests? A person's responses on a self-report questionnaire could partly reflect his or her cultural or socioeconomic background. Some self-report questionnaires include validity scales that may help detect lying or evasiveness. Projective tests are more valid but less reliable than self-report questionnaires. The Rorschach test is a projective test in which the participant reports what she or he sees in a series of inkblots.
Projective tests are more valid but less reliable than self-report questionnaires.
Priyanka suffered through a prolonged series of traumatic events throughout her childhood. What prediction is most likely to be true as she progresses through adulthood? She will have difficulty remembering those traumatic events without age-regression therapy. She will have difficulty remembering those traumatic events without the aid of hypnosis. She will develop dissociative identity disorder as a means of coping with those memories. She will have difficulty forgetting those traumatic events.
She will have difficulty forgetting those traumatic events.
Which of the following is a potential limitation associated with using the DSM? The DSM lacks general acceptance within the field of psychology. The accuracy of DSM criteria is difficult to determine. The DSM lacks descriptive information for identifying disorders. There is a danger of underdiagnosing the prevalence of mental disorders.
The accuracy of DSM criteria is difficult to determine.
Which of the following statements is damaging evidence against the traditional clinical view of dissociative identity disorder? DID patients may have more than one other "alter" or identifiable personality. The autobiographical memories of DID patients can be transferred between their identities. Different "alters" may adopt different mannerisms and speech patterns from one another. The separate personalities within a DID patient typically remain hidden from one another.
The autobiographical memories of DID patients can be transferred between their identities.
Based on scientific, empirical research, which of the following seems to be the best explanation for the explosion in diagnoses of dissociative identity disorder a few decades ago? Improvements in clinical training have allowed practitioners to identify cases of DID in their client populations. Better tests and refined diagnostic categories have made the diagnosis of DID more accurate. Therapeutic suggestions and influence may be creating the appearance of identities where none exist. The stigma associated with DID has been lifted, and patients have been more willing to seek treatment than in the past.
Therapeutic suggestions and influence may be creating the appearance of identities where none exist.
Which of the following is not a concern associated with using projective tests as a primary means of diagnosing mental disorders? They were developed relatively recently, so their utility is not yet known. They are invalid, being based on untestable psychodynamic theories. They are unreliable, often leading to different interpretations of client responses. Support comes primarily from anecdotal endorsements rather than experimental tests.
They were developed relatively recently, so their utility is not yet known.
Which of the following is true concerning the role of genes in depression? Variants of specific genes may interact with stressful life events to lead to depression. Depression is caused primarily by childhood abuse and genes play no role. A single major gene has been identified as the cause of depression. The long 5-HTT gene variant leads to depression in all carriers.
Variants of specific genes may interact with stressful life events to lead to depression.
The "dissociative" part of dissociative identity disorder refers to __________. an amnesiac response to a single traumatic incident a "splitting" of consciousness and identity a separation from reality a genetic precursor of schizophrenia
a "splitting" of consciousness and identity
"Psychopathy" is psychology's formal name for describing someone who has __________. auditory hallucinations delusional beliefs conduct disorder a cluster of enduring personality attributes including lack of empathy, remorse, and fear
a cluster of enduring personality attributes including lack of empathy, remorse, and fear
Micah washes his feet multiple times a day. He scrubs them with prescription-strength disinfectant using a stiff-bristled brush, rinses them in scalding hot water, then applies a sequence of mechanic's grease remover, bodywash, and harsh lye soap. He repeats this ritual every 4 hours throughout a 12-hour period. Micah is showing classic signs of __________. a personality disorder an obsession a compulsion insanity
a compulsion
Which cultural practice is associated with low rates of alcoholism? policies of prohibition infrequent binge drinking a gradual introduction to drinking in family settings drinking as a rite of passage into adulthood
a gradual introduction to drinking in family settings
Georgette has an intense fear of birds. She has never had a bad experience with a bird, yet she is really afraid of seeing them, even in pictures, and hearing them chirp or flap their wings. It is pretty clear that Georgette is suffering from __________. generalized anxiety disorder a phobia panic disorder panic attacks
a phobia
What anatomical difference do many PTSD sufferers have compared with non-PTSD sufferers? a larger occipital lobe a smaller hippocampus a larger hippocampus a thinner occipital lobe
a smaller hippocampus
A person's first full-blown schizophrenic episodes tend to occur in __________. adolescence or early adulthood the preoperational stage of cognitive development middle age private
adolescence or early adulthood
Sophia once found herself in a busy restaurant when she had a panic attack, brought on by stress she felt over recent health problems and deaths of her friends and loved ones. A few weeks later she experienced another attack, this time in a grocery store. Over time Sophia gradually reduced her contact with the outside world, fearful that an attack might strike at any moment and worried that she might find herself helpless, stricken, and embarrassed in a public place. Sophia's initial troubles have developed into __________. a personality disorder agoraphobia acrophobia claustrophobia
agoraphobia
In a person diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder, one main "personality" interacts with the world on a regular basis, but other personalities called __________ are lurking in the recesses of consciousness. others lessers alters pairs
alters
Which of the following people is most likely to show a genetic vulnerability to developing schizophrenia? the child of one schizophrenic parent a sibling of a person with schizophrenia a fraternal twin of a person with schizophrenia an identical twin of a person with schizophrenia
an identical twin of a person with schizophrenia
Charles has a lifelong pattern of irresponsible behavior, including acts of violence, law-breaking, impulsivity, and reckless actions. A clinician interviewing him in his prison cell concluded that Charles could be diagnosed with __________. antisocial personality disorder posttraumatic stress disorder obsessive-compulsive disorder dissociative identity disorder
antisocial personality disorder
A heritable component seems to play a role in alcoholism that __________. begins in early adolescence and is linked to impulsivity and antisocial behavior affects women but not men affects Asian and African American men, but not Latino men develops later in life, during adulthood
begins in early adolescence and is linked to impulsivity and antisocial behavior
"Alcoholics cannot change who they are; once an alcoholic, always an alcoholic." This sentiment would be consistent with the __________ model of addiction. associative learning biological detachment
biological
Abstinence programs would tend to be encouraged by those who adopt a(n) __________ model of addiction, whereas moderated intake programs would tend to be encouraged by those who adopt a(n) __________ model of addiction. learning; biological attachment; detachment biological; learning detachment; attachment
biological; learning
Aleia has been living with her college roommate, Eugenia, for a little over 2 months. They are becoming good friends, yet Aleia is growing increasingly disturbed by Eugenia's behavior. For 3 days at a time Eugenia will lie in bed with the lights off, uncommunicative and uninterested in her friends and classes. However, one day Aleia returns home to find Eugenia piling all the furniture in the middle of the room, comparing herself to Michelangelo, talking excitedly about painting the ceiling with a toothbrush, and breathlessly describing how she has worked out a plan to triple-major in Art, Biochemistry, and Political Science. Aleia escorts Eugenia to the campus health center, where Eugenia is likely to receive an initial diagnosis of __________. obsessive-compulsive disorder borderline personality disorder major depression bipolar disorder
bipolar disorder
Nancy is emotionally dependent on others and panics or becomes angry when she thinks her friends have left her, even for vacation. She cuts herself and frequently threatens to commit suicide if she does not get what she wants. What diagnosis would you make regarding Nancy? psychopathy antisocial personality disorder bipolar disorder borderline personality disorder
borderline personality disorder
According to this chapter, a person with a mental disorder must have behavior and/or an emotional state that __________. deviates from the norm prevents the ability to distinguish right from wrong represents a permanent change from previous functioning causes harm according to cultural and community perspectives
causes harm according to cultural and community perspectives
Fritz cannot stop washing his hands; he does it 23 times a day. Violet cannot stop thinking about when and how she is going to die; these thoughts plague her 18 times every hour. Fritz suffers from a(n) __________, whereas Violet suffers from a(n) __________. obsession; compulsion compulsion; obsession mood disorder; personality disorder personality disorder; mood disorder
compulsion; obsession
Policies of total abstinence, in which people are not permitted to drink alcohol at all, have been found to __________. decrease rates of drinking overall, but increase rates of alcoholism among those who do drink have no effect on either drinking or alcoholism rates backfire completely and lead to increases in drinking and in alcoholism decrease rates of drinking as well as rates of alcoholism
decrease rates of drinking overall, but increase rates of alcoholism among those who do drink
Which of the following is not an example of a negative symptom in schizophrenia? decreased social interaction emotional flatness lack of personal care delusions
delusions
Two central features of psychopathy are __________ and __________. attention-seeking; need for admiration unstable relationships; social discomfort fearlessness; lack of empathy high IQ; careful planning
fearlessness; lack of empathy
Many people diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder have anomalies associated with the __________. substantia nigra occipital lobe basal ganglia frontal lobe
frontal lobe
A continuous state of worry, apprehension, muscle tension, and difficulty concentrating is characteristic of __________. panic disorder panic attacks major depression generalized anxiety disorder
generalized anxiety disorder
Barlow feels nervous and worried pretty much all the time, despite the lack of any obvious external circumstances that would justify his feelings. He has difficulty concentrating, and the tension in his jaw and muscles is noticeable, even to a casual observer. When asked how he feels, his typical response is "Dreadful," which is literally and figuratively true. What diagnosis would you make for Barlow's condition? triskaidekaphobia generalized anxiety disorder panic disorder with catatonic ideology panic disorder
generalized anxiety disorder
Hugh says he hears voices that criticize him and comment on his daily activities. Yet objectively there is no one around and no one who is speaking. Hugh is suffering from __________. hallucinations dissociative personality disorder paranoiac disorder delusions
hallucinations
Typical symptoms of PTSD include all of the following except __________. increased physiological arousal intrusive memories hallucinations nightmares
hallucinations
Which of the following is a key factor in the development of panic disorder? a predisposition to mood disorders how people interpret their bodily reactions associated with stress and anxiety whether the individual experienced significant childhood trauma cultural differences in the value placed on regular mental health checks
how people interpret their bodily reactions associated with stress and anxiety
Antisocial personality disorder can be distinguished from psychopathy on the basis of __________. This characteristic is present in psychopathy but not necessarily in antisocial personality disorder. irresponsible behavior law-breaking impulsive actions lack of remorse
lack of remorse
Which of the following is not a primary characteristic involved in the diagnosis of borderline personality disorder? extreme negative emotionality unstable relationships lack of remorse inability to regulate emotions
lack of remorse
"The degree to which a person is addicted to a substance depends on the situation the person finds himself or herself in; solutions to addiction should emphasize modifying environments and teaching better life skills." This sentiment would be consistent with the __________ model of addiction. attachment biological rapprochement learning
learning
Shishir increasingly feels listless, worthless, hopeless, and very, very sad. Activities that used to give him pleasure hold no interest for him now, and he has to force himself to eat from time to time. Shishir would most likely be diagnosed with __________. bipolar disorder mania major depression generalized anxiety disorder
major depression
Episodes of __________ and __________ characterize bipolar disorder. obsession; compulsion anger; sadness mania; depression depression; anxiety
mania; depression
Punk musician Joey Ramone was well known to have many superstitions and rituals throughout his life: having to walk up and down a flight of stairs multiple times before continuing to his destination; touching each doorknob three times before opening a door; having to walk in and out of doorways repeatedly upon entering a room. He was diagnosed with __________. obsessive-compulsive disorder generalized anxiety disorder borderline personality disorder posttraumatic stress disorder
obsessive-compulsive disorder
Hoarding disorder is recognized in the DSM-5 as a subcategory of __________. obsessive-compulsive disorders personality disorders mood disorders dissociative disorders
obsessive-compulsive disorders
Depressed people tend to believe that the reasons for their unhappiness are __________. temporary controllable caused by the situation out of their hands
out of their hands
Bo was relaxing with friends one night when he suddenly felt sweaty, clammy, and as though his heart was going to beat right out of his chest. As a young man he was shocked to think he was having a heart attack, and his friends immediately called 911. The paramedics conducted a thorough battery of tests and assured him his heart was in perfect shape. What diagnosis might they offer instead? narcissistic personality disorder panic attack seizure disorder generalized anxiety disorder
panic attack
Depressed people typically have the cognitive habit of believing their situation is __________ and __________. permanent; uncontrollable dire; transitory exogenous; endogenous undiagnosed; treatable
permanent; uncontrollable
The primary purpose of the DSM is to __________. help psychologists determine the best way to treat a disorder keep the number of diagnostic categories of mental disorders to a minimum describe the causes of common disorders provide descriptive criteria for diagnosing mental disorders
provide descriptive criteria for diagnosing mental disorders
Which of the following factors is not a common contributor to depression? genetic predispositions psychological weakness cognitive habits losses of important relationships
psychological weakness
When Jeffrey was a child, he liked to torture and kill small animals—the neighbors' pets, rabbits he trapped in the woods, really any living thing that was helpless and defenseless. Rather than feeling especially good or bad about his actions, Jeffrey tended not to feel anything in particular, certainly not guilt or regret. Jeffrey manifested signs associated with __________. major depression schizotypal personality disorder psychopathy borderline personality disorder
psychopathy
Jezebel has distorted perceptions of reality—she thinks her cat is controlling her thoughts and shows a general inability to function in most aspects of her life; she cannot hold a job, she lives in isolation, and she rarely bathes. Jezebel is showing classic signs of __________. psychosis neurosis depression dissociation
psychosis
One promising explanation for the characteristics seen in dissociative identity disorder is the __________. alternative hypothesis sociocognitive explanation dissociocognitive explanation Omega hypothesis
sociocognitive explanation
Which of the following is not a symptom of schizophrenia? split personality delusional thinking disorganized speech hallucinations
split personality
Which of the following brain structures is enlarged among people with schizophrenia? cerebellum prefrontal cortex gray matter temporal lobe gray matter ventricles
ventricles
Major depression is much more likely to be diagnosed among __________. men women children Pacific Islanders
women
