Chapter 13 - Research
Percentages that estimate the probability of inferences in a study being correct are reported as a. confidence intervals. b. standard deviations. c. percentiles. d. correlations.
a. confidence intervals
Which type of statistics explains characteristics of variables found in a sample and describes, summarizes, and synthesizes collected data? a. Descriptive b. Inferential c. Explanatory d. Intuitive
a. descriptive
To describe the frequency of the single variable myocardial infarction in adults ages 30-49, which of the following could be used? (select all that apply) a. descriptive statistics b. inferential statistics c. univariate analysis d. bivariate analysis
a. descriptive statistics c. univariate analysis
Inferential statistical tests are used to: (select all that apply) a. make assumptions about the population b. describe the sample with means and standard deviations c. test hypotheses by asking if there are differences between the groups d. select a sample e. determine whether results occurred by chance
a. make assumptions about the population c. test hypotheses by asking if there are differences between the groups e. determine whether results occurred by chance
When data have no outliers, researchers prefer to report the a. mean b. median c. mode d. magnitude
a. median
A null hypothesis states that there is ____________ relationship between two variables. a. no b. doubtful c. significant d. statistically proven
a. no
ANOVA
uses the F statistic
T/F Categories in grouped data must be mutually exclusive
True
T/F Data contained in tables are an important source of evidence for practice
True
T/F In a normal distribution, the mean, median, and mode are the same value
True
T/F Nurses should determine that researchers are using the correct statistical tests to analyze data
True
T/F Percentages are often used to describe characteristics of samples
True
T/F Reading the table after the text is a helpful strategy that can improve comprehension of ideas
True
T/F if the tail of a distribution is skewed to the left, the data is negatively skewed
True
E/U Selecting an alpha of .05 so that the research hypothesis is supported when it would not be if the alpha were set at .01
Unethical
Chi square
tests for differences between groups using nonparametric data
Pearson's r
tests for the significance of a correlation between two variables
Multiple regression
tests the significance of relationships among three or more variables
E/U Including information about incidental findings, especially when they involve side effects or risks
Ethical
E/U Publishing articles about studies with nonsignificant findings
Ethical
T/F All statically significant finding have clinical significance
False
T/F Frequency distributions are an effective way to present inferential statistics.
False
T/F If data are highly uniform, a low peak will be observed in a graphic representation of the data.
False
T/F the total number of subjects in a sample is represented by the symbol n
False
A researcher is studying the relationship of the amount of time intensive care unit patients spend lying on their backs and urine output. Which test would the researcher use to analyze the data? a. Chi aquare b. Pearson's r c. Phi coefficient d. Multiple regression
b. Pearson's r
A researcher is attempting to reduce error so nurses can have confidence in inferring findings to another practice setting by avoiding a type I error. What occurs in a type I error? a. The null hypothesis is accepted when it should have been rejected. b. The null hypothesis is rejected when it should have been accepted. c. The research hypothesis is accepted when it should have been rejected. d. The research hypothesis is rejected when it should have been accepted.
b. The null hypothesis is rejected when it should have been accepted.
In a normal distribution with standard deviations, how is the area designated in which 47.5% of scores are higher than the mean and 47.5% are lower than the mean? a. One standard deviation above and below b. Two standard deviations above and below c. Three standard deviations above and below d. The score reflecting the mean, median, and mode
b. Two standard deviations above and below
When a researcher accepts the null hypothesis when it really should have been rejected, the researcher: (select all that apply) a. committed a type 1 error b. committed a type 2 error c. obtained significant results d. obtained nonsignificant results
b. committed a type 2 error d. obtained nonsignificant results
The most frequent data value in a set of data is the a. mean b. median c. mode d. average
c. mode
The likelihood of the frequency of an event in repeated trials under similar conditions is a. statistical analysis. b. chance. c. probability. d. sampling error.
c. probability
The rule of 68-95-99.7 states that in a normal distribution, 99.7% of the data will fall within ____________ standard deviation(s) of the mean. a. one b. two c. three d. four
c. three
In nursing practice, there is more serious risk associated with ____________ because of the potential for harm to patients. a. hypothesis errors b. sampling errors c. type I errors d. type II errors
c. type I errors
z score
converted standard deviation to a standardized unit
The most commonly used alpha level in nursing research is a. .001 b. .0001 c. .005 d. .05
d. .05
Which of the following is used when data collection involves unlike data, such as a measurement of bone density compared to obesity measured as a percentage of body fat? a. Alpha b. Standard deviation c. T test d. Z scores
d. Z scores
When researchers accept the null hypothesis when it should have been rejected, this is an occurrence of a. hypothesis error. b. sampling error. c. type I error. d. type II error.
d. type II error
Range
difference between maximum and minimum values
t test
has independent and correlated variations
Standard deviation
measure of the average deviations of a value from the mean
Coefficient of variation
percentage comparing standard deviations when units of measure are different
Semiquartile range
range of the middle 50% of data
Percentile
rank
