Chapter 13 Social Psychology

Asch's studies showed that overall conformity to group pressure occurred about ______ of the time.

1/3

Which message is likely to be the most persuasive?

A message that presents both sides of the argument and where it is not obvious that it is meant to persuade

Which of the following is the best example of the behavioral component of an attitude?

Betty writes a letter to her senator asking for support of a law making corporations responsible for the pollution they cause.

John Gottman has studied relationships for more than 40 years. Which of the following has he identified as an important predictor of a successful marriage?

Having five times more positive interactions than negative ones

What is the difference between obedience and conformity?

In obedience, there is a difference in status between the one who obeys and the one who makes the request.

Which of the following was a finding in the classic study by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)?

Those who got $1 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $20

Which of the following would result in cognitive dissonance?

Violent video games can promote violence; I let my 7-year-old play video games.

For months, you have been thinking that you need to lose weight to be healthier, yet you are still eating fast food every day. Which of the following approaches will reduce the cognitive dissonance you are experiencing?

all three approaches would reduce cognitive dissonance

Which of the following explains why a person may become aggressive?

all three factors can lead to aggressive behavior

Intimate partner violence refers to aggressive behavior between which groups of people?

all three groups

Tristan became aware that a fellow student had become a victim of bullying. Tristan did all he could to help his classmate, even though he didn't know him well and didn't expect any reward in return. Tristan's behavior is an example of _______.

altruism

Which communicator would likely be the most persuasive

an attractive person who is an expert

Prejudice is to discrimination as ________.

attitude is to behavior

Prejudice is a(n) _________, whereas discrimination is a(n) ________.

attitude; behavior

Nate thinks Republicans and Democrats almost never work together in Congress. The reason he believes this is that he finds it much easier to think of examples of politicians from the two parties not working together than to think of examples of them working together. It is likely that the ______________ has caused Nate to underestimate how frequently Democrats and Republicans work together.

availability heuristic

Political and other messages should be simple so that the audience can focus on and understand the content without distractions. This example is assuming which type of processing suggested by the elaboration likelihood model?

central route

Social _____________ refers to the role of our thoughts and interpretations in social interactions

cognition

Representative Jansen, a U.S. congresswoman, believes in the reproductive rights and welfare of women but voted to ban late-term abortions. Jansen feels very uneasy about the conflict between her beliefs and her behavior. She is most likely experiencing_______.

cognitive dissonance

Realistic conflict theory suggests that prejudice arises from ________.

competition over scarce resources

Behavior initiated or changed in response to a request, as opposed to a command or direct order, is an example of _______.

compliance

In what way is compliance different from conformity?

compliance is a response to a direct request, whereas conformity is a response to indirect social pressure

Vince has always believed children deserve the best prenatal care available. During a class discussion, he hears the first of several speakers express very negative attitudes toward spending tax money on prenatal care for the poor. When it is his turn to speak, he voices an opinion more in keeping with the previous speakers. Vince's behavior is an example of _______________________.

conformity

Which one of the following activities will not reduce cognitive dissonance?

continuing the behavior in spite of the conflicting thoughts

Cyberbullying is a common form of aggression among adolescents. The concept of _____________ would explain the high prevalence of cyberbullying in terms of the presence of anonymity within a group situation.

deindividuation

All of the following are decision points in helping behavior except ____________.

diffusion of responsibility

Research has shown that males tend to exhibit more ____________ aggression, whereas females tend to display more ____________ aggression.

direct; indirect

The fundamental attribution error involves overestimating ___________________ influences when explaining another person's behavior.

dispositional

While stuck in a traffic jam, Yani notices a frustrated driver frequently honking his horn. Yani thinks to himself, "That driver is a real jerk!" This is an example of a _______________ attribution.

dispositional

The self-serving bias involves making ______________ attributions for your success and ____________ attributions for your failures.

dispositional; situational

A person asks you to volunteer to counsel delinquent youth at a detention center for two years. When you refuse, she asks if you could supervise them during a trip to the zoo. She is using the ______ technique.

door in the face

Roberta is trying to decide whether to vote for a political candidate. Based on what she has read about him, she has concluded that he is not qualified for the position, but she agrees with his political positions. Also, she trusts him and likes his decisive personality. Her trust of the candidate represents the ___________________ component of her attitude toward him.

effective

Which of the following is considered a risk factor for intimate partner violence?

experiencing abuse as a child

Rhianna works in a retail clothing store. Her boss pointed out that she rarely offers help to the overweight customers. When asked about this, Rhianna denied having any negative attitudes toward people who are overweight. Rhianna is verbally expressing a(n) _____________ attitude, but her behavior suggests that her _____________ attitude may be different.

explicit; implicit

Graycen was walking alone through the mall and suddenly experienced an epileptic seizure. She would be most likely helped if ___________________ .

one person was in an area

The mere exposure effect is the tendency of people to _______.

feel more positive toward a person, item, product, or other stimulus that they have seen often

Many people hang up on telemarketers, but others will listen politely to their pitches even if they are not interested in the product. Telemarketers know that anyone who agrees to listen to a pitch is more likely to buy the product, thanks to the ________ phenomenon.

foot in the door

Which method of compliance was at work during Milgram's obedience study?

foot in the door technique

Which of the following is not one of the three major components of attitudes?

goals

When members of a group discuss similar opinions about a topic, their views on the topic tend to become even more extreme. This phenomenon is referred to as _______.

group polarization

Which of the following increased the likelihood that participants would disobey in Milgram's obedience study?

having the experiment be an ordinary man

Mental shortcuts used to reduce complex information from the world around us are called _______.

heuristics

Person perception involves the study of_______.

how impressions of other people are formed

Which of the following statements concerning social categorization is correct?

it occurs without social awareness

How long does it typically take a person to formulate a judgement about the trustworthiness of a stranger?

less than 1 second

In Festinger and Carlsmith's (1959) classic study on cognitive dissonance, participants who were paid $20 for doing a boring task, in contrast to those who were paid $1 for doing the same task, ________.

liked the task less

A dealer persuades a customer to buy a new car by reducing the price to well below that of his competitors. Once the customer has agreed to buy the car, the terms of the sale are shifted by lowering the value of the trade-in and requiring the purchase of expensive extra equipment. Now the car costs well above the current market rate. This is an example of the ______ technique.

lowball

All of the following are Sternberg's components of love except ________________.

loyalty

A local car insurance company advertises their products with television commercials. During those spots, there are flashy lights, attractive dancers wearing skin-tight outfits, and local celebrities talking about how they are customers of the company. The advertisement does not, however, mention any of the features or costs associated with the product. This company is attempting to earn customers through which path of processing?

peripheral route

Garrett has a tendency to take credit for his good actions, but he attributes his mistakes to factors beyond his control. This is an example of the _____.

self-serving bias

Increased contact between two warring groups has a tendency to ________.

showcase similarities between the groups and reduce prejudice

A teacher decides against assigning group projects in which all group members get the same grade. What social-psychological phenomenon might the teacher be concerned about?

social loafing

You are playing baseball and miss catching a ball that should have been easy to catch. Others watching you are likely to think you aren't good at playing baseball, whereas you are likely to point out that the sun was in your eyes. This is an example of which type of attribution?

the actor-observer bias

People are more likely to be obedient to authority if _______.

the authority figure is perceived as an expert

A car crash woke John from his afternoon nap. When he looked out his apartment window, he saw several people milling around two smashed cars. He decided not to dial 911 because he assumed someone had already called. John's reaction is an example of ______.

the bystander effect

Conformity may result from normative social influence, which involves _________________ and/or informational social influence, which refers to ________________.

the desire to be part of a group and gain approval; presenting information that can change an opinion

______________ refers to the tendency to overestimate dispositional influences (and underestimate situational influences) when explaining another person's behavior.

the fundamental attribution error

Which of the following descriptions best defines implicit personality theory?

the set of assumptions people have about people, their actions, and their personality traits

Which of the following terms is associated with social cognition?

thinking about others