Chapter 13 The Peripheral Nervous System and Reflex Activity

The component of a reflex arc that responds to the efferent impulses is known as the __________. motor neuron sensory neuron effector integration center receptor

effector

A member of your family is complaining of difficulty swallowing. Which cranial nerve(s) may be implicated? IX, X, and XII XI and V XII and VI X and XII VII and X

IX, X, and XII

The two-point discrimination test is a common tool for studying which feature of sensory perception? Quality discrimination Spatial discrimination Pattern recognition Magnitude estimation

Spatial discrimination

Tic douloureux is a condition where the nerve serving facial sensations is overstimulated, resulting in intense pain. Tic douloureux affects which cranial nerve? Accessory Glossopharyngeal Trigeminal Abducens Facial

Trigeminal

Recurrent dryness of the mouth may be an issue with which cranial nerve(s)? V and X X and XII VII and IX VII and III The facial nerve only

VII and IX

If a family member describes a loss of the sense of taste, which cranial nerve(s) might be affected? VII, IX, and X Only VII Only VII and IX Only X

VII, IX, and X

If a member of your family suddenly develops chronic hoarseness and seems to have difficulty swallowing along with recurring stomach aches, this could be an issue with which cranial nerve? Facial Trigeminal Hypoglossal Vagus Accessory

Vagus

Which nerve, when struck, accounts for "hitting your funny bone?" A B C D

C

Which of the figures shows the nerve plexus that is responsible for sciatica, a stabbing pain that radiates over the course of the sciatic nerve? All of these plexuses could be responsible for sciatica. C A B

C

The brachial plexus is formed by the ventral rami from __________. L4-S4 C5-T1 L1-L4 T1-T12 C3-C4

C5-T1

The trochlear nerve is found at which letter in the figure below? D A B C

D

Which letter represents the vestibulocochlear nerve in the figure below? A B C D

D

Match the receptor with its anatomical location: Lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscle. Deep dermis and subcutaneous tissue Junction of the epidermis and dermis Dermal papillae Dermis, subcutaneous tissue, and joint capsule

Deep dermis and subcutaneous tissue

Which of the following nerves controls the quadriceps muscle group? Tibial nerve Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh Peroneal nerve Sciatic nerve Median nerve Femoral nerve

Femoral nerve

Which nerve is found at A? Hypoglossal Vagus Accessory Glossopharyngeal

Glossopharyngeal

The blue circle represents the approximate position of the pituitary gland. When cancerous growth causes the pituitary to increase in size, which cranial nerves might be expected to be affected? I and II IV and VI II and III III and IV

II and III

Match the following spinal reflex with its description: Stretch reflex. Initiated by a painful stimulus and causes automatic withdrawal of the threatened part Tests the integrity of the spinal cord from L4 to S2; causes a downward flexion of the toes Important in the large extensor muscles that sustain upright posture and in postural muscles of the trunk A complex spinal reflex important in maintaining balance Causes muscle to relax and lengthen in response to tension

Important in the large extensor muscles that sustain upright posture and in postural muscles of the trunk

Match the following cranial nerve with its function: Trochlear. Sensory nerve of vision Sense of smell Controls the extrinsic eye muscle that abducts the eyeball Supplies four of the six extrinsic eye muscles Innervates an extrinsic eye muscle that loops through a pulley-shaped ligament in the orbit Supplies sensory fibers to the face and motor fibers to the chewing muscles

Innervates an extrinsic eye muscle that loops through a pulley-shaped ligament in the orbit

Which letter labels the hypoglossal nerve? A B C D

C

Damage to this nerve leads to difficulty with speech and swallowing? Facial Accessory Trigeminal Hypoglossal Vagus

Hypoglossal

Identify the femoral nerve. A B C D

B

The optic nerve is found at which letter in the figure below? A B C D

B

If a member of your family complains of double vision, which cranial nerve(s) might be affected? II and III III, IV, and VI V, VII, and IX I and II

III, IV, and VI

The olfactory nerve is found at which letter in the figure below? A B C D

A

Which letter labels the glossopharyngeal nerve? C A D B

A

Which letter represents the trigeminal nerve in the figure below? A B C D

A

Which structure is not a part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)? Motor ending Ganglion Sensory receptor Brain

Brain

If the phrenic nerve were severed, what would be the most immediate effect? Breathing would stop. The sense of smell would be blocked. The upper limbs would be paralyzed. The ability to swallow would be blocked.

Breathing would stop.

Match the following spinal reflex with its description: Tendon reflex. Important in the large extensor muscles that sustain upright posture and in postural muscles of the trunk Tests the integrity of the spinal cord from L4 to S2; causes a downward flexion of the toes Causes muscle to relax and lengthen in response to tension A complex spinal reflex important in maintaining balance Initiated by a painful stimulus and causes automatic withdrawal of the threatened part

Causes muscle to relax and lengthen in response to tension

An anopsia refers to __________. a visual defect loss of hearing loss of the sense of smell loss of taste

a visual defect

Match the following spinal reflex with its description: Crossed-extensor reflex. A complex spinal reflex important in maintaining balance Important in the large extensor muscles that sustain upright posture and in postural muscles of the trunk Tests the integrity of the spinal cord from L4 to S2; causes a downward flexion of the toes Initiated by a painful stimulus and causes automatic withdrawal of the threatened part Causes muscle to relax and lengthen in response to tension

A complex spinal reflex important in maintaining balance

Match the aspect of sensory perception with its description: Perceptual detection. Ability to detect that a stimulus has occurred; the simplest level of perception Ability to take in the scene around us and recognize a familiar pattern, an unfamiliar one, or one that has special significance Mechanism by which a neuron or circuit is tuned to one feature of a stimulus in preference to others Ability to identify the site or pattern of stimulation Ability to detect how intense the stimulus is Ability to differentiate the submodalities of a particular sensation

Ability to detect that a stimulus has occurred; the simplest level of perception

Match the aspect of sensory perception with its description: Quality discrimination. Ability to take in the scene around us and recognize a familiar pattern, an unfamiliar one, or one that has special significance Ability to identify the site or pattern of stimulation Ability to detect that a stimulus has occurred; the simplest level of perception Mechanism by which a neuron or circuit is tuned to one feature of a stimulus in preference to others Ability to differentiate the submodalities of a particular sensation Ability to detect how intense the stimulus is

Ability to differentiate the submodalities of a particular sensation

Match the aspect of sensory perception with its description: Spatial discrimination. Ability to take in the scene around us and recognize a familiar pattern, an unfamiliar one, or one that has special significance Ability to differentiate the submodalities of a particular sensation Ability to detect that a stimulus has occurred; the simplest level of perception Ability to identify the site or pattern of stimulation Ability to detect how intense the stimulus is Mechanism by which a neuron or circuit is tuned to one feature of a stimulus in preference to others

Ability to identify the site or pattern of stimulation

Identify the spinal nerve plexus indicated by A. Brachial plexus Lumbar plexus Sacral plexus Cervical plexus

Cervical plexus

Match the structure with its definition: Perineurium. The tough fibrous sheath enclosing all fascicles Delicate layer of loose connective tissue surrounding each axon Ganglion associated with efferent fibers Ganglion associated with afferent fibers Coarse connective tissue that binds groups of fibers into bundles called fascicles

Coarse connective tissue that binds groups of fibers into bundles called fascicles

Match the following cranial nerve with its description: Accessory. Sensory nerve for hearing and balance Innervates muscles of facial expression Innervates the tongue and pharynx Innervates some tongue-moving muscles Innervates organs in the thorax and abdomen Considered accessory to the vagus and was formerly called the spinal accessory nerve

Considered accessory to the vagus and was formerly called the spinal accessory nerve

Match the following cranial nerve with its function: Abducens. Innervates an extrinsic eye muscle that loops through a pulley-shaped ligament in the orbit Supplies four of the six extrinsic eye muscles Sensory nerve of vision Supplies sensory fibers to the face and motor fibers to the chewing muscles Controls the extrinsic eye muscle that abducts the eyeball Sense of smell

Controls the extrinsic eye muscle that abducts the eyeball

Lesion of which nerve will lead to deafness and dizziness? A B C D

D

Match the structure with its definition: Endoneurium. Ganglion associated with efferent fibers Delicate layer of loose connective tissue surrounding each axon Coarse connective tissue that binds groups of fibers into bundles called fascicles Ganglion associated with afferent fibers The tough fibrous sheath enclosing all fascicles

Delicate layer of loose connective tissue surrounding each axon

Which of the following reflexes tests the integrity of the spinal cord from L4 to S2? Drawing a blunt object downward along the lateral aspect of the foot causes downward curling of the toes Striking the patellar ligament with a reflex hammer Contraction of the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh while the posterior compartment muscle relaxes Lifting a cut foot if you step on a piece of glass Stroking the skin of the lateral abdomen

Drawing a blunt object downward along the lateral aspect of the foot causes downward curling of the toes

Most receptors of the special senses are classified as which of the following types? Most receptors of the special senses cannot be classified as any of these choices. Proprioceptors Interoceptors Most receptors of the special senses can be classified by more than one of these choices. Exteroceptors

Exteroceptors

Damage to the cranial nerve that controls the muscles of the face leads to Bell's palsy. Damage to which cranial nerve causes Bell's palsy? Accessory Trigeminal Facial Abducens Vagus

Facial

CNS nerve fibers regenerate because of the actions of Schwann cells. True False

False

Damage to the structures shown in the figure may lead to what disorder? Irritation of the phrenic nerve causes spasms of the diaphragm, or hiccups Weakening or paralysis of the upper limb Wrist drop, inability to extend the hand at the wrist Difficulty using the pincer grasp

Irritation of the phrenic nerve causes spasms of the diaphragm, or hiccups

Match the following cranial nerve with its function: Oculomotor. Supplies four of the six extrinsic eye muscles Sensory nerve of vision Sense of smell Controls the extrinsic eye muscle that abducts the eyeball Supplies sensory fibers to the face and motor fibers to the chewing muscles Innervates an extrinsic eye muscle that loops through a pulley-shaped ligament in the orbit

Supplies four of the six extrinsic eye muscles

Match the following cranial nerve with its function: Trigeminal. Supplies sensory fibers to the face and motor fibers to the chewing muscles Supplies four of the six extrinsic eye muscles Sense of smell Sensory nerve of vision Innervates an extrinsic eye muscle that loops through a pulley-shaped ligament in the orbit Controls the extrinsic eye muscle that abducts the eyeball

Supplies sensory fibers to the face and motor fibers to the chewing muscles

Match the following spinal reflex with its description: Plantar reflex. A complex spinal reflex important in maintaining balance Tests the integrity of the spinal cord from L4 to S2; causes a downward flexion of the toes Initiated by a painful stimulus and causes automatic withdrawal of the threatened part Important in the large extensor muscles that sustain upright posture and in postural muscles of the trunk Causes muscle contraction in response to increased muscle length

Tests the integrity of the spinal cord from L4 to S2; causes a downward flexion of the toes

Of the following, choose the false statement about cranial nerves. The cranial nerves serve only the head and neck regions. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves. Cranial nerves are mostly named for the structures they serve or for their functions. All of the choices are correct.

The cranial nerves serve only the head and neck regions.

Which of the following describes a depolarization? The membrane potential becomes more polarized. The membrane potential becomes more negative. The membrane becomes less polarized. The membrane, which was formerly not polarized, now is polarized.

The membrane becomes less polarized.

The lowest level of the motor control hierarchy is the __________. projection level segmental level precommand level upper motor level

segmental level

Which of the following cranial nerves carries only motor information? trigeminal abducens olfactory optic

abducens

Classify the neuron at A. afferent motor neuron interneuron afferent sensory neuron efferent motor neuron

afferent sensory neuron

The receptor potential _______. can be graded with stimulus intensity amplitude can vary with the stimulus intensity amplitude can vary with the stimulus intensity, requires the appropriate stimulus and can be graded with a stimulus intensity requires the appropriate stimulus

amplitude can vary with the stimulus intensity, requires the appropriate stimulus and can be graded with a stimulus intensity

In traumatic blows to the head, the ethmoid bone can be broken or fibers passing through the ethmoid may be torn as the brain moves inside the cranium. The condition that results would be __________. blindness death due to damage to the vagus nerve paralysis of neck muscles anosmia

anosmia

The phrenic nerve is a branch from the __________. vagus nerve thoracic spinal cord brachial plexus cervical plexus

cervical plexus

Which reflex is triggered when a stranger suddenly grasps your arm? crossed-extensor reflex stretch reflex plantar reflex tendon reflex

crossed-extensor reflex

Wallerian degeneration is the __________. degeneration of the proximal end of a cut axon degeneration of the myelin sheath of an axon degeneration of the Schwann cells that are normally associated with the axon degeneration of the distal end of a cut axon

degeneration of the distal end of a cut axon

Collections of neuron cell bodies associated with nerves in the peripheral nervous system are known as __________. ganglia encapsulated dendritic endings exteroceptors nociceptors nuclei

ganglia

If pain continues for a long time, __________. NMDA receptors are suppressed hyperalgesia develops the incidence of "phantom limb" decreases pain tolerance will develop

hyperalgesia develops

Transection of the sciatic nerve would cause all the following except __________. inability to mediate the act of erection footdrop inability to flex the leg loss of ankle movements All of the choices would result from transection of the sciatic nerve.

inability to mediate the act of erection

Which of the following is NOT required for a reflex arc? receptors motor neurons interneurons sensory neurons

interneurons

The pinching motion (with opposed thumb and index finger) is highly dependent upon impulses transmitted by the __________ ulnar nerve musculocutaneous nerve axillary nerve median nerve

median nerve

In order for you to realize there has been a sensory change, it has to reach the __________ level of processing. abstraction receptor circuit perceptual

perceptual

The knee-jerk reflex is an example of a __________. flexor reflex superficial reflex tendon reflex stretch reflex

stretch reflex

If your grandmother's head suddenly tends to deviate to one side, this could be an issue with which cranial nerve? Vagus Hypoglossal Trigeminal Accessory Facial

Accessory

Which structure belongs to the projection level of the motor control hierarchy? Cerebral basal nuclei Spinal cord Primary motor cortex Cerebellum

Primary motor cortex

Which of the following branches of a spinal nerve only contain autonomic fibers? The dorsal roots The ventral rami The dorsal rami The rami communicantes The ventral roots

The rami communicantes

Which letter represents the abducens nerve in the figure below? A B C D

B

Which of the following reflexes is particularly important in maintaining balance? Superficial reflexes Flexor reflexes Withdrawal reflexes Deep tendon reflexes Crossed-extensor reflexer

Crossed-extensor reflexer

Which of the following cranial nerves has a name that means "the wanderer"? Trochlear Trigeminal Glossopharyngeal Vestibulocochlear Vagus

Vagus

The synapse between which of the following two neurons is a part of a monosynaptic reflex arc? B and C A and D A and B A and C

A and B

Visceral pain should be understood in order to not ignore persistent pain that may indicate a more serious condition. Which of the following connections is not an example of a visceral pain pairing? Heart and left side of the neck, chest and left arm All of these are valid pairings between pain in visceral organs and the referred area of skin. Ureters and inner thighs Kidneys and hip and abdominopelvic area Gall bladder and the right shoulder

All of these are valid pairings between pain in visceral organs and the referred area of skin.

Match the aspect of sensory perception with its description: Magnitude estimation. Mechanism by which a neuron or circuit is tuned to one feature of a stimulus in preference to others Ability to detect that a stimulus has occurred; the simplest level of perception Ability to take in the scene around us and recognize a familiar pattern, an unfamiliar one, or one that has special significance Ability to identify the site or pattern of stimulation Ability to detect how intense the stimulus is Ability to differentiate the submodalities of a particular sensation

Ability to detect how intense the stimulus is

Match the aspect of sensory perception with its description: Pattern recognition. Ability to identify the site or pattern of stimulation Unselected Mechanism by which a neuron or circuit is tuned to one feature of a stimulus in preference to others Ability to differentiate the submodalities of a particular sensation Ability to detect how intense the stimulus is Ability to take in the scene around us and recognize a familiar pattern, an unfamiliar one, or one that has special significance for us Ability to detect that a stimulus has occurred; the simplest level of perception

Ability to take in the scene around us and recognize a familiar pattern, an unfamiliar one, or one that has special significance for us

The oculomotor nerve is found at which letter in the figure below? A C D B

C

Which letter represents the facial nerve in the figure below? A B C D

C

Which of the following is an example of an intrinsic reflex? Playing a musical instrument Singing a song Driving a car Maintaining posture

Maintaining posture

Which nerve is labelled by the letter C? Vagus Hypoglossal Accessory Vestibulocochlear

Hypoglossal

Match the following cranial nerve with its appropriate function: Facial. Innervates organs in the thorax and abdomen Innervates some tongue-moving muscles Considered accessory to the vagus and was formerly called the spinal accessory nerve Innervates the tongue and pharynx Sensory nerve for hearing and balance Innervates muscles of facial expression

Innervates muscles of facial expression

Match the following cranial nerve with its appropriate function: Vagus nerve (X). Was formerly called the spinal accessory nerve Innervates the tongue and pharynx Innervates muscles of facial expression Innervates organs in the thorax and abdomen Innervates some tongue-moving muscles Sensory nerve for hearing and balance

Innervates organs in the thorax and abdomen

Match the following cranial nerve with its appropriate function: Hypoglossal. Innervates some tongue-moving muscles Innervates muscles of facial expression Sensory nerve for hearing and balance Innervates organs in the thorax and abdomen Innervates the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles

Innervates some tongue-moving muscles

Match the following cranial nerve with its appropriate function: Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX). Considered accessory to the vagus and was formerly called the spinal accessory nerve Innervates organs in the thorax and abdomen Innervates muscles of facial expression Innervates the tongue and pharynx Sensory nerve for hearing and balance

Innervates the tongue and pharynx

Match the receptor with its anatomical location: Epithelial tactile complex (Merkel cell and disc). Deep dermis and subcutaneous tissue Junction of epidermis and dermis Dermal papillae Dermis, subcutaneous tissue, and joint capsule

Junction of epidermis and dermis

Match the aspect of sensory perception with its description: Feature abstraction. Ability to differentiate the submodalities of a particular sensation Mechanism by which a neuron or circuit is tuned to one feature of a stimulus in preference to others Ability to detect that a stimulus has occurred; the simplest level of perception Ability to identify the site or pattern of stimulation Ability to detect how intense the stimulus is Ability to take in the scene around us and recognize a familiar pattern, an unfamiliar one, or one that has special significance

Mechanism by which a neuron or circuit is tuned to one feature of a stimulus in preference to others

A person experiencing a heart attack may feel pain in which of the following locations? Temples on both sides of the head Right side of the neck Medial aspect of the left arm All of these locations experience pain during a heart attack.

Medial aspect of the left arm

If a patient has difficulty using the "pincer grasp" to pick up small objects, which nerve is injured? Median nerve Musculocutaneous nerve Ulnar nerve Axillary nerve

Median nerve

Damage to this cranial nerve might lead to drooping of the eye and an eye that deviates laterally at rest. Abducens Oculomotor Trochlear Facial

Oculomotor

Which of the following cranial nerves is purely sensory? Trigeminal Hypoglossal Vagus Accessory Optic

Optic

Match the receptor to the type of stimulus that activates it: Nociceptor. Smell Light on the retina Hot or cold Pain

Pain

Match the following cranial nerve with its function: Olfactory. Supplies four of the six extrinsic eye muscles Innervates an extrinsic eye muscle that loops through a pulley-shaped ligament in the orbit Sensory nerve of vision Controls the extrinsic eye muscle that abducts the eyeball Supplies sensory fibers to the face and motor fibers to the chewing muscles Sense of smell

Sense of smell

Match the following cranial nerve with its appropriate function: Vestibulocochlear. Innervates some tongue-moving muscles Innervates the tongue and pharynx Innervates organs in the thorax and abdomen Innervates muscles of facial expression Sensory nerve for hearing and balance Considered accessory to the vagus and was formerly called the spinal accessory nerve

Sensory nerve for hearing and balance

Match the following cranial nerve with its function: Optic. Innervates an extrinsic eye muscle that loops through a pulley-shaped ligament in the orbit Sense of smell Sensory nerve of vision Supplies sensory fibers to the face and motor fibers to the chewing muscles Controls the extrinsic eye muscle that abducts the eyeball Supplies four of the six extrinsic eye muscles

Sensory nerve of vision

Which of the following is false regarding the sciatic nerve? The sciatic nerve supplies the entire lower limb except the anteromedial thigh. The sciatic nerve is the largest branch of the sacral plexus. The sciatic nerve is the thickest and longest nerve of the body. The sciatic nerve is a single nerve.

The sciatic nerve is a single nerve.

Which of the following is not a nerve plexus? The lumbar plexus The cervical plexus The sacral plexus All of the choices are nerve plexuses. The thoracic plexus The brachial plexus

The thoracic plexus

Match the structure with its definition: Epineurium. Delicate layer of loose connective tissue surrounding each axon Ganglion associated with afferent fibers The tough fibrous sheath enclosing all fascicles Coarse connective tissue that binds groups of fibers into bundles called fascicles Ganglion associated with efferent fibers

The tough fibrous sheath enclosing all fascicles

Match the receptor to the type of stimulus that activates it: Mechanoreceptor. Light on the retina Hot or cold Pain Touch, pressure (including blood pressure), vibration, and stretch Smell

Touch, pressure (including blood pressure), vibration, and stretch

Because this nerve has branches serving the forehead, roof of the mouth, and the tongue, stimulation of one branch may lead to stimulation of other branches. For example, a sensation of extreme cold in the roof of the mouth will stimulate the branch serving the forehead resulting in "brain freeze." Facial Vagus Hypoglossal Trigeminal

Trigeminal

Which of the following cranial nerves is not involved with the eye? Abducens Trigeminal Trochlear Optic Oculomotor

Trigeminal

Which of the following cranial nerves controls chewing food? Vagus nerve Hypoglossal nerve Vestibulocochlear nerve Facial nerve Trigeminal nerve

Trigeminal nerve

Damage to this cranial nerve would result in double vision and an eye that is unable to move inferolaterally (down and out). Abducens Facial Oculomotor Trochlear

Trochlear

If a lesion of this nerve develops slowly, a person may adapt to the lack of balance by using visual cues like maintaining a relationship to the horizon. Thus, minor lesions of this nerve do not always present with overt symptoms. Accessory Glossopharyngeal Vagus Vestibulocochlear

Vestibulocochlear

Hilton's law states that __________. any nerve serving a muscle that produces a movement at a joint innervates the joint, but not the skin over the joint any nerve serving a muscle that produces a movement at a joint does innervate the skin over the joint, but not the joint any nerve serving a muscle that produces a movement at a joint does not innervate the joint any nerve serving a muscle that produces a movement at a joint also innervates the joint and the skin over the joint

any nerve serving a muscle that produces a movement at a joint also innervates the joint and the skin over the joint

Proprioceptors advise the brain of __________. body movements chemical imbalances pain localization temperature of the skin

body movements

Two receptors that will be important in understanding muscle reflexes are involved in proprioception. These receptors are __________. muscle spindles and tendon organs tactile corpuscles or Meissner's corpuscles bulbous corpuscles and Ruffini endings lamellar corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles

muscle spindles and tendon organs

The final level of neural integration in the somatosensory system is the __________ level. abstraction circuit receptor perceptual

perceptual

Fast adapting receptors are called __________. tonic receptors sensory receptors phasic receptors threshold receptors

phasic receptors

Which of the following nerves does not arise from the brachial plexus? The phrenic nerve The ulnar nerve The radial nerve The musculocutaneous nerve The axillary nerve

phrenic nerve

The receptor potential is generated at the _______. receiving region secretory region output region conducting region

receiving region

In a reflex arc, the __________ transmits afferent impulses to the CNS. receptor sensory neuron effector integration center

sensory neuron

Which reflex requires gamma motor neurons to set the length of the muscle? flexor reflex stretch reflex tendon reflex crossed-extensor reflex

stretch reflex

Stretch reflexes would be hypoactive or absent in all of the following conditions except __________. chronic diabetes mellitus coma stroke patients with lesions of the corticospinal tract neurosyphilis

stroke patients with lesions of the corticospinal tract

Sensory transduction is defined as _______. the disappearance of the perception of a stimulus the conversion of a light stimulus into pain a change in the amplitude of a receptor potential the conversion of a stimulus to a change in membrane potential

the conversion of a stimulus to a change in membrane potential

Which of the following is NOT used to classify sensory receptors? the type of stimulus they detect the number of dendritic endings present location structural complexity

the number of dendritic endings present

Which of the following characteristics is representative of receptor-level processing, NOT perceptual-level processing? magnitude detection transduction spatial discrimination

transduction

A knee-jerk reflex that is unusually strong may be caused by ______. inhibition of reciprocal inhibition transmission of excitatory signals from the brain to the neurons that form the femoral nerve suppression of muscle spindle activity in the lower limb enhancement of activity in the antagonistic muscles

transmission of excitatory signals from the brain to the