Chapter 13/15 Notes

reaction of the individual being diagnosed with the disorder

A classification system for categorizing abnormal behaviors cannot help clinicians predict the _____.

learned helplessness

A possible behavioral explanation for depression focuses on _____.

endorse riskier decisions when it is a group rather than a personal decision.

In the context of group decision making, the term risky shift is used to describe the tendency to:

pressure for uniformity

In the context of group decision making, which of the following is a symptom of groupthink?

Social identity theory

In the context of intergroup relations, which of the following theories best explains why individuals like to think of their group as an in-group?

All of These

Which of the following is true of social cognition in social psychology?

All of these

In the context of social behavior, which of the following best explains why the bystander effect occurs?

social exchange theory

The _____ of close relationships asserts that the partners in a relationship keep a mental balance sheet, tallying the pluses and minuses associated with each other.

true

Ethnocentrism is not simply taking pride in one's group

Serotonin

Suicide has been linked with low levels of the neurotransmitter _____.

Women who feel objectified are less likely to engage in social activism.

According to studies done in the area of self-objectification, which of the following statements is true?

A chronically lonely person

According to research in the area of health and social psychology, who among the following is likely to have the earliest death?

disconnected from immediate experience

Dissociation refers to a psychological state in which the person feels _____.

sociocultural

A professional who believes in the _____ approach to psychological disorders is most likely to consider a person's ethnicity when diagnosing a disorder.

All of these

In the context of prosocial behaviors, which of the following is an accurate description of egoism?

more likely to engage in delinquent acts.

According to research done on aggressive behavior, when compared with adolescents who do not play violent video games, adolescents who play such games are:

When the person has a vested interest in the issue

According to studies over the past half-century, which of the following is a condition under which a person's attitude will guide his or her actions?

Specific Phobia

Alfred suffers from an extreme and irrational fear of spiders. His fear is exaggerated and disproportionate to the actual danger he might be in if he did encounter a spider. Alfred's fear of spiders is so intense that he would go to almost any length to avoid coming into contact with them. Alfred is most likely to be diagnosed with which of the following disorders?

motor tension, apprehensive expectations, and thoughts

An individual diagnosed with an anxiety disorder is most likely to experience _____.

The United States

Anorexia nervosa is a culture-related disorder that is common among individuals residing in _____.

there are few tempting alternatives for the partners.

From the perspective of the investment model of close relationships, long-term relationships are most likely to continue when:

anorexia nervosa

Which of the following disorders is an example of a culture-related disorder?

The central route works by engaging the audience thoughtfully with a sound, logical argument.

Which of the following statements is true of the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion?

The tendency to ruminate negative thoughts is associated with the development of depression.

Which of the following statements is true of the role of psychological factors in depression?

Depression increases as standards of living and employment circumstances worsen.

Which of the following statements is true of the sociocultural factors involved in depression?

Empthay

In the context of social behavior, _____ is the key to altruism.

obedience

Stanley Milgram's experiment demonstrated the effect of _____.

engage in competitive tasks

According to Gordon Allport, intergroup contact is NOT likely to reduce prejudice when group members _____.

two weeks

For a person to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD), he or she must have experienced a significant depressive episode and depressed characteristics, such as lethargy and hopelessness, for at least _____.

sensory experiences that occur in the absence of real stimuli

Hallucinations are _____.

serotonin and norepinephrine

Individuals with depressive disorder appear to have too few receptors for the neurotransmitters _____.

a less voluminous hippocampus and amygdala

Individuals with dissociative disorders have _____.

It is related to greater volume in the posterior cingulate cortex.

Which of the following is true of agreeableness in the context of prosocial behavior?

A change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard

Which of the following statements best defines conformity?

In terms of biological factors, genetic predisposition is a likely cause of panic disorder.

Which of the following statements is true of panic disorder?

self-perception

In the context of attitudes, _____ theory contends that behaviors can influence attitudes.

All Of These

In the context of bipolar disorder, a person experiencing a manic episode may _____.

It involves strong components of sexuality and infatuation.

In the context of close relationships, which of the following statements is true of romantic love?

obsessions

Martha believes that if she doesn't keep checking the stove in the kitchen, there may be a gas leakage and an explosion. Consequently, Martha keeps checking whether the stove has been turned off over and over again, sometimes over fifty times a day. This practice interferes with her sleep and disturbs her thoughts. In the context of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders, Martha's recurrent thoughts about the possibility of an explosion are called _____.

false

Obsessions differ from compulsions since obsessions are recurrent behaviors, while compulsions are recurrent thoughts.

The biopsychosocial model states that biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors are all equally significant ingredients in producing both normal and abnormal behavior.

Which of the following statements is true of the biopsychosocial model?

asserting one's own group's dominance.

Ethnocentrism involves:

disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

In the context of treating children who suffer from bipolar disorder, _____, included by the DSM-5 as a new diagnosis, is considered a depressive disorder in children who show persistent irritability and recurrent episodes of out-of-control behavior.

flat affect

Which of the following is a common negative symptom of schizophrenia?

Prejudice

_____ is an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individual's membership in a particular group.

effort justification

_____ means coming up with a rationale for the amount of work a person puts into getting something, typically by increasing the value associated with things that are difficult to attain.

Serotonin

If a person is demonstrating aggressive behavior, it is likely that he or she has low levels of _____ in the brain.

Leon Festinger

The theory of social comparison was proposed by _____.

Native Americans

Which of the following groups has the highest suicide rate among all the other demographic groups in the United States?

Passionate love

Which of the following is experienced in the initial stages of a close relationship?

Suicide rates are found to be higher in states with a culture of honor.

Which of the following statements is true of the sociocultural factors involved in suicide?

social

Professor Jenkins conducts research on how the behavior of candidates in interviews differs when they are interviewed by one interviewer and when they are interviewed by a panel of interviewers. His area of interest fits best into the field of _____ psychology.

prejudice

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic that increases the credibility of a communicator and helps the communicator persuade other people?

Behavior that is statistically atypical in nature

Which of the following is NOT one of the three criteria that is used to distinguish normal from abnormal behavior?

the jigsaw classroom

In order to improve interactions among students from different ethnic backgrounds, a teacher would be best advised to use:

Social comparison provides distinctive characteristics of a person and helps in building an identity.

Which of the following statements is true of social comparison?

foot-in-the-door

Samuel walks up to Katie and asks if she would be willing to wear a ribbon to show support for his cause. Though the ribbon is unattractive, it is small, so Katie agrees to wear it. Once Katie has agreed to this request, Samuel asks her if she would be willing to make a donation of $15 to his cause. Katie cannot refuse because she feels that Samuel is relying on her. In the context of persuasion, this scenario best demonstrates the _____ technique.

psychological disorders that involve a sudden loss of memory or change in identity due to the separation of an individual's conscious awareness from previous memories

Dissociative disorders are _____.

Individuals with bipolar disorder can have manic and depressive episodes four or more times a year, but they usually are separated by 6 months to a year.

Which of the following statements is true of bipolar disorder?

BPD is more common among those younger than 30

Which of the following statements is true of borderline personality disorder (BPD)?

Attitudes

_____ are people's opinions and beliefs about other people, objects, and ideas, and how they feel about the world.

Dissociative amnesia

_____ is a psychological disorder that is characterized by extreme memory loss that is caused by extensive psychological stress.

Discrimination

_____ is an unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because the person belongs to that group.

Groupthink

_____ refers to the impaired group decision making that occurs when making the right decision is less important than maintaining group harmony.

changing their attitudes to fit the behavior.

According to the cognitive dissonance theory, when attitudes and behavior conflict, individuals are most likely to reduce cognitive dissonance by:

post-traumatic stress disorder

In movies that focus on war, soldiers who have returned from the frontlines often struggle with overwhelming anxiety, nervousness, depression, and flashbacks. In many cases, these soldiers experience problems related to loss of memory and an inability to experience happiness. In the context of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders, it can be inferred that these movie characters are most likely experiencing the symptoms of _____.

ethnocentrism.

In the context of social identity, thinking that cultural out-groups are not only different but are worse than one's own group is called:

post-traumatic stress disorder

Jerome was held hostage by gunmen along with 30 others in a 5-star hotel. He had witnessed the gunmen shoot other hostages and was denied food and water for two whole days. Since then, Jerome has had trouble sleeping and focusing on his work. Sometimes, Jerome loses track of where he is and feels like he is back at the hotel. These flashback episodes terrify Jerome and disturb his peace of mind. In the context of anxiety and anxiety-related disorders, it can be inferred that Jerome shows symptoms suggestive of _____.

deindividuation.

June is usually very quiet, but she recently discovered a different side of herself. She was at the Mardi Gras and found herself swept up in the festivities, doing the things that the other party-goers were doing. These were not behaviors that she would have ever considered engaging in on her own. Social psychologists would most likely attribute June's behavior to:

In DID, one identity dominates at one time; another takes over at another time.

Which of the following statements is true of dissociative identity disorder (DID)?

Individuals with schizophrenia may be lacking in the ability to read the emotions of others.

Which of the following statements is true of schizophrenia?

A person who experiences stereotype threat is well aware of stereotypical expectations for him or her as a member of a group.

Which of the following statements is true of stereotype threat?

Dopamine receptors in the brain are associated with prosocial behavior.

Which of the following statements is true of the biological factors associated with prosocial behavior?

High levels of norepinephrine and low levels of serotonin are associated with bipolar disorder.

Which of the following statements is true of the biological factors involved in bipolar disorder?

Problems in prenatal development may predispose a brain to developing schizophrenic symptoms later in life.

Which of the following statements is true of the biological factors involved in schizophrenia?

Low levels of conscientiousness

According to research on aggressive behavior, which of the following personality factors is mostly associated with aggression?

ask for race or ethnic information before the test starts.

According to research on stereotype threat, individuals should be especially concerned about tests of ability if they:

all of these

According to the biopsychosocial model of psychological disorders, abnormal behavior can be influenced by _____.

compulsions

In cases of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), _____ frequently accompany obsessions and appear to serve the function of reducing the anxiety created by such disturbing thoughts.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Which of the following disorders is related to the experience of anxiety, but has NOT been classified by the DSM-5 as an anxiety disorder?

inborn tendencies

Which of the following is the least likely reason that people develop prejudice?

An individual suffering from generalized anxiety disorder cannot specify the reasons for the anxiety he experiences.

Which of the following statements is true of generalized anxiety disorder?

The social identity theory

Rob and Deandra are strong supporters of a football team, the Dallas Cowboys. Their self-esteem is greatly affected by the performance of the Cowboys. Which of the following theories best explains this scenario in the context of intergroup relations?

intention

According to Carl Hovland, which of the following is NOT an element of persuasion?

companionate

Affectionate love is also called _____ love.

Ethocentricism

In the context of social identity, thinking that cultural out-groups are not only different but are worse than one's own group is called:

genetics

Which of the following characteristics is NOT used to explain psychological disorders using the psychological approach?