Chapter 14-378

Trustworthiness includes the following specific characteristics:

-Credibility: the results of the study represent the realities of the participants as much as possible -Confirmablilty: the researcher attempts to enhance objectivity by reducing bias in methods and procedures. -Dependability: Repetition of the study with similar subjects in similar circumstances results in consistent findings. -Transferablilty- results can be transferred to situations with similar subjects and settings.

Qualitative study help nurse researchers do the following:

-Identify the needs of the target population -design interventions that are acceptable to the patients -Address the process and implementation issues associated with the intervention . -Improve the understanding of the impact of the intervention on the setting -Understand the reasons for attrition, cessation of treatment or lack of adherence to treatment plan

Commonly used qualitative studies by nurses:

-case study methods -content analysis -Phenomenology -ethnography -grounded theory

Threats to credibility in qualitative research may include the following errors:

-drawing premature conclusions -basing themes on isolated responses -incorrectly interpreting data -bias

Bracketing includes 3 phases:

-the researcher examines and reflects on his or her own perspectives regarding the topic. -the research identifies his or her own assumptions, based on theory or experience. - the researcher explicitly identifies the process for setting aside his own biases.

The following key steps to help create a strong qualitative study:

1i ID a broad research question. 2. Select a tradition 3. Determine criteria for selection of participants who can best inform the question. 4.Locate a source of participants and invite their participation through the infromed question. 5.design general data collection procedure 6.transcribe data as they are collected. 7.Analyze data as they are collected. 8.Develop a codebook. 9.Check the conclusions with participants 10.Report the themes with supporting examples from informants

Habituation

a process that occurs when an observer has an extended contact with subjects of a study. The subjects revert to natural behaviors and come to disgaurd the observers presence.

Reflexivity

a sensitivity to the ways in which the researcher and the research process have shaped the data; based on introspection and acknowledgement of bias.

Ethnography

a study of the features and interactions of a given culture

Theory triangulation

a type of triangulation in which multiple perspectives are obtained from other researchers or published literature

Questions addressed with content analysis:

answer each research question that explores feelings, perceptions, thoughts , attitudes or motives related to a concept of interest to the researcher. either descriptive or interpretive studies.

qualitative research questions often include verbs such as

discover and explore

Quantitative is used to determine the

effectiveness of an intervention and qualitative helpful in describing the acceptability of an intervention

Traditions

particular designs or approaches in qualitative research used to answer specific types of study questions

14.2 Comparison of quantitative and qualitative characteristics

pg 391

Qualitative designs are not

pre-planned but details are emergent, meaning the specifics of the study adapt to the emerging characteristics of the data. Deals with trustworthiness of the study.

Qualitative research is grounded in the belief that

reality can never be completely known because it is constructed by each individual.

extreme case sampling

sampling of unusual or special participants who exhibit the phenomenon of interest in its extremes

First element of sampling for qualitative research is

selection procedure, which is called purposeful sampling.

Descriptive qualitative

used in preliminary way to establish basic knowledge about a group or individuals response to health or illness.

Qualitative questions evolve throughout the study progression

but the starts with a general approach that the researcher must remain consistent throughout the study.

Quantitative researchers focus on

single,objective reality, the lens of qualitative research is cased on social construction of reality in which multiple realities are accepted.

Qualitative designs researchers specifically

state a question- not objectives aims or hypotheses.

Transferability

the ability to apply qualitative research findings in other settings or situations

Qualitative research answers questions about

the human experience by exploring motives, attitudes, reactions and perceptions. These are useful determining pts needs, preferences and motives.

Qualitative inquiry is unique in terms of

the researchers beliefs about the nature of the reality and in the methods and procedures used to describe the informants worldview.

Qualitative research on nursing can be used

to help better understand the nature of effectiveness of interventions, in other words what about the intervention was helpful to the patient?

Methods and procedures for ethnographic study: Three types of information are usually collected for analysis:

Cultural behavior: collected by extended observation, used to determine what the culture does, how they interact and which outcomes are achieved. cultural artifacts: items that the members of the culture make, use and consider valuable. cultural speech: gathered verbally though interaction with members on how they speak.

content analysis

Data analysis method that rely on interviews or document analysis and that use interpretive coding to arrive at themes or patterns. The purpose of this is to discover and interpret the meaning imbued in the words of the respondents or in historical written documents

Questions addressed with phenomenology:

Ex: what was the experience like?

Questions that are addressed with case research:

Exploratory and questions that are intended to produce potential interventions for later testing are also well addressed. This type of method allows for analysis of an uncommon situation, it often leads to the discovery of relationships that were not obvious or observed prior to the experiment

Qualitative studies are based on

clinical experience and patient preference

Data source triangulation

A type of triangulation in which multiple data sources are used in a study

Methods and procedure for phenomenology:

Articulation of an experience of interest. This is the focus of the research question, sample selection and data collection. Specific to a single experience and samples are often small. Researcher is the primary data collection instrument. Researcher must conduct bracketing for this type of study. Uses interviews and focus groups for data collection.

field notes

Detailed descriptions of the context, environment, and nonverbal communications observed during data collection and inserted by the researcher into the transcripts to enrich the data interpretation process

audit trail

Detailed documentation of sources of information, data, and design decisions related to a qualitative research study

Methods and procedures for ethnographic study:

Engaging in extensive fieldwork.

Questions that are addressed with Ethnography:

Focus on the understanding of a culture, many questions addressed are in a large-scale study.

Pt2 Case research methods

Intense study of a single subject or small group of subjects

Methods and procedures for grounded theory:

Least preplanned of any qualitative methods. Begins with a general research problem, selects the individuals who likely to illuminate the initial understanding of the question and collects data using interviewing, observation and document the review may all be used.Researcher interprets the data at the end of each stage and decides which types of data to keep collecting to develop a theory.

Qualitative meta-synthesis

The development of overarching themes about the meaning of human events based on a synthesis of multiple qualitative studies.

The researcher develops subquestions that address particular areas of interest.

The subquestions are narrowed down through interviews, focus groups observations and other sources.

Classifications of Qualitative Traditions: pt1

These designs answer the questions about human reactions and interactions are as follows.

The criteria often involve a shared experience, membership is a specific demographic group or simply

a willingness to share information with the researcher. The researcher is usually a person who approaches the accessible informants, informs them about the study and obtains consent.

Qualitative research subjects are called

informants or respondents or participants

Data is gathered directly from

informants or through the investigator's observations.

content analysis

interpretation of the meaning in verbal response or in documents

Qualitative research

is done to elicit a description of a social experience that is so detailed and insightful that someone who has not experienced the phenomenon can understand and appericate its nuance. accomplishes goals by establishing a relationship with the informants.

central question

is written in such a way that accommodates the emerging design characteristic of qualitative inquiry. Written in broad terms and is open-ended.These are what and how questions.

Interventions that require

lifestyle change, attitude change or behavioral alterations are well suited for qualitative studies.

case research methods

the meticulous descriptive exploration of a single unit of study such as a person, family group, community, or other entity, appropriate for the study of responses of individuals and small groups related to interventions, health behaviors and perceptions of illness. Data collections are observations, interviews and instrumentation.

Phenomenology may be descriptive or interpretive and is based on

the philosophical premise that is possible to capture and articulate the essence of an experience that can be explored and understood

Saturation

the point at which new information is being generated and the sample size

The way a question is worded determines the specific tradition

the researcher will select to fully answer it.

Bracketing

A method of limiting the effects of researcher bias and setting them aside by demonstrating awareness of potential suppositions of the researcher.

Intergrative Review

A methodology that synthesizes quantitative, qualitative and comparative effectiveness research to provide a comprehensive understanding of the human condition

Purposeful sampling

A technique used in qualitative research in which the subjects are selected because they possess certain characteristics that will enhance the credibility of the study and because they can reliably inform the research question.

investigator triangulation

A type of triangulation in which more than one person is used to collect, analyze, or interpret a set of data

Methods and procedures for content analysis:

Gather indepth data in word form. Purposeful sampling is used as the selection process. General interview questions are designed and document retrieval guidelines developed. Interviews and document review may be the focus of the study. Information gotten from historical reviews, biographies and secondary data analysis. Thematic coding is done to draw meaning from the data.

member checking

a method of ensuring validity by having participants review and comment on the accuracy of transcripts, interpretations, or conclusions

Methods and procedures for case research:

Intensive investigative design to analyze and understand factors that are important to be the cause of health problems, care of patients and the outcome of interventions. The individual is identified who meets the criteria or presents themselves with a challenging condition. Data is collected over a period of time and the case analysis begins with the description of the patients history, demographic, social and environmental factors that are relevant to the subjects health care.

prolonged engagement

Investment of sufficient time in the data collection process so that the researcher gains an in-depth understanding of the culture, language, or views of the group under study.

Reasons Qualitative research is important in nursing practice

Nursing is humanistic, holistic approach to promoting health and minimizing the effects of disease and qualitative research is to discover the meaning of a phenomenon.

Questions that are addressed with grounded theory:

Rarely undertaken to answer a central research question. Instead the research problem is discovered as the process resolves the problem. ex: what is the chief concern of people reagurding this area of interest?

grounded theory

Research aimed at discovering and developing a theory based on systematically collected data about a phenomenon. The intent is to discover a pattern of reactions, interactions, and relationships among people and their concerns.

snowball sampling

a nonprobability sampling method, often employed in field research, whereby each person interviewed may be asked to suggest additional people for interviewing

constructivist research

Research that attempts to discover the meaning and interpretations of events, phenomena, or experiences by studying cases intensively in natural settings and by subjecting data to analytic interpretation.

stratified purposive sampling

Sampling of individuals who meet certain inclusion criteria, who are then stratified according to other criteria (e.g., age, gender, and ethnicity)

Phenomenology

The investigation of religious phenomena among a group who have experienced it

constant comparison

a method of analysis in qualitative research that involves a review of data as they are gathered and comparison to data that have been interpreted to support or reject earlier conclusions

Triangulation Method

a means of enhancing credibility by cross-checking information and conclusions, using multiple data sources using multiple research methods or researchers to study the phenomenon or using multiple theories and perspectives to help interpret the data.

Phenomenology

investigation of the meaning of an experience among a group whose members have lived through it

participant observation

involvement of the researcher as an active participant in the culture under study to more thoroughly understand the culture without changing it. Major data collection method in ethnography.

Interpretative qualitative research

is a more complex form of analysis that involves extracting the meaning from data in the way that involves inductive thought on the part of the researcher. This emphasizes process and context in understanding the meaning of an experience

The research question must focus on a single

phenomenon or concept, a lack of specificity should not be constructed as a lack of focus.