chapter 14

_____ investigates the role social factors play in the development and distribution of disease through the population.

Social epidemiology

Preindustrial societies have high birthrates because they

also have high death rates and need to sustain the population. need more children to serve as agricultural workers.

Lawful permanent residents of the United States

can legally work and attend public schools.

People who study changes in population, including the size of populations and their composition, are mainly studying

demography.

The statistical study of population dynamics is known as

demography.

Which of the following takes place during the early industrial stage of demographic transition?

developments in agricultural technology

The morbidity rate refers to the incidence of ______ in a given population.

disease

Women's greater longevity compared with men's results from their lower rates for all of the following except

doctor visits.

The number of children born in a given period of time is a measure of

fertility.

In the United States, people with better health and access to health care tend to have

higher incomes. more education.

Many countries that experience brain drain tend to have

higher infant mortality rates.

Compared to white populations in the United States, African Americans and other minority groups have ______.

higher morbidity and mortality rates

Perhaps the most noteworthy medical example of labeling is

homosexuality.

With regard to health care in poorer countries, the term brain drain refers to ______.

immigration to industrialized nations by doctors and other skilled personnel needed at home

The process of joining a new population group is called

immigration.

In the United States, what health issues affect older people more than they affect other groups?

impaired vision arthritis

The number of new cases of a specific disorder occurring within a particular population during a specified time period (usually a year) is known as

incidence.

The inferior medical care that members of minority groups often receive is evidence that ______ still exists in the medical establishment.

institutional discrimination

Human ecology is concerned with the

interrelationship between people and their environment.

The projected number of years a person can expect to live based on his or her year of birth is called

life expectancy.

Which of the following are associated with air pollution?

lung cancer eye irritation

The positive effect of globalization can be seen in which of the following areas?

multinational corporations' incentive to consider the cost of natural resources

One could speculate that people leave their old countries to immigrate to new ones because the

new countries offer more opportunities.

Who regulated the medical industry in the United States before 1848?

no institution or organization

What does Medicaid provide?

no-cost health insurance for the poor

The crude death rate is a measure of the

number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population in a given year.

The crude birthrate measures the

number of live births per 1,000 people in the population in a given year.

People who violate social norms and are labeled as sick are experiencing a form of

oppression.

Social attitudes about illness and its place in society can be especially problematic for ______.

people with chronic health problems

The World Health Organization's definition of health emphasizes completeness in which three key areas?

physical well-being social well-being mental well-being

When we convert more areas of life into medical conditions, we are

placing more power in the hands of professionals.

Minority groups tend to have poorer health because they more frequently experience

poor economic prospects.

In 2011, around 34 million people around the world had AIDS. These statistics for the total number of AIDS cases illustrate what epidemiologists call the ______ of AIDS.

prevalence

n 2016, Republicans running for Congress, as well as presidential candidate Donald Trump, pledged to

repeal and replace the ACA.

Social epidemiologists would be interesting in studying

the educational and income levels of people with AIDS.

The world's global population increases each year because

the overall birthrate exceeds the overall death rate.

What aspect of the ACA was eliminated effective January 1, 2019?

the requirement that people pay a penalty for being uninsured

Proponents of the demographic transition theory argue that changes in measures like birthrate and death rate relate to

the type of economy a society practices.

A major influence on the health of Hispanics is the fact that

they are more likely to wait to seek medical treatment.

Curanderismo is ______.

traditional Latino folk medicine

According to human ecology, the environment provides us with

a place to work, live, and play. resources essential for life. a place to deposit all our waste.

Polluted bodies of water ______.

affect entire natural ecosystems

Factors that encourage people to immigrate to places and emigrate from places are known as

pull and push factors.

Populations with high life expectancies

tend to grow.

In the early industrial society stage of demographic transition,

there is a population explosion.

Throughout much of human history, global population levels

were relatively stable.

The number of deaths among infants less than one year old per 1,000 births is known as a society's

infant mortality rate.

Which of the following contribute to the link between social class and health?

levels of stress living conditions

The movement of people from one population group to another is called

migration.

The incidence of death in a given population is the society's ______ rate.

mortality

The U.S. government first gave substantial federal aid to health care while recognizing medicine as a social institution in the ______ century.

twentieth

During the late industrial society stage of demographic transition, opportunities for ______ increase.

women

Some say the medical establishment is sexist against women because ______.

women have often been excluded from research studies

Which of the following factors are generally blamed for the global environmental crisis?

world population growth increasing use of technological innovations such as plastics and chemical fertilizers

Analyzing environmental issues from a(n) _____ approach allows us to better understand the global consequences of differential access to resources.

world systems

Which of the following statements regarding birth rate are true?

Birth rate varies over time and place. Population dynamics plays a primary role in birth rate.

True or false: Research shows that simply by having health insurance, minorities can improve the level of medical care they receive.

False

Some have argued that the demographic transition model needs to have two additional stages. What are they?

Fertility rates would fall below replacement levels. A fertility rebound occurs.

Which of the following statements about holistic medicine is true?

It has become more widely accepted and studied.

The negative effect of globalization can be seen in which of the following?

Polluting companies relocate to countries with less stringent environmental standards. Multinationals exploit the resources of developing countries for short-term profit.

What marks the beginning of postindustrial society?

Population size is once again stable.

Which of the following statements about air pollution is true?

Urban air pollution is caused primarily by emissions from automobiles.

Preindustrial societies are primarily

agricultural, and their survival depends on food production.

Which of the following are positive activities some patients engage in for health care purposes?

consulting websites for preventive health information attempting to maintain a nutritious diet monitoring the side effects of medication

According to Malthus, the inevitable result of population explosion was

crisis and death.

Which of the following terms refers to disease or illness that is understood only in its specific social context?

culture-bound syndrome

The United States government recognizes all of the following as immigration statuses except

foreign citizens visiting the United States on long vacations.

Social order is paramount and illness is a threat to normal society according to which perspective?

functionalist

The overall percentage change in a population per year is known as a population's

growth rate.

What is the overriding concern of the elderly?

health

Which of the following is a significant source of water pollution?

industrial waste

Republican critics of Democratic-sponsored health care reform legislation signed into law by President Barack Obama in 2010 maintained that the type of health care system that could better serve the American people would be

market-based.

Converting new areas of social life into treatable medical conditions is known as

medicalization.

In holistic medicine, the health care practitioner considers not only physical characteristics but also which of the following characteristics?

mental emotional spiritual

In 2016, Republicans running for Congress, as well as presidential candidate Donald Trump, pledged to

repeal and replace the ACA.

Patient noncompliance with doctors (for instance, by not using prescription medicines as directed) results in part from the prevalence of ______ in our society.

self-medication

In a person labeled as ill, the term sick role refers to ______.

societal expectations about the attitudes and behavior of the person

While the replacement fertility rate determines how many children a woman must have to reproduce population numbers for the next generation, the total fertility rate measures the

average number of children a woman would have during her lifetime given a number of factors.

Environmental justice is a legal strategy

based on claims that minorities are exposed to more environmental hazards than other members of society.

In An Essay on the Principle of Population, Thomas Malthus said that population numbers are ultimately determined by

battles over a limited amount of resources.

What is the primary means by which a population replaces its members from one generation to the next?

births

Proponents of the demographic transition model argue that a natural decline in fertility rates will occur owing to what factors?

economic changes technological changes social changes

When people from industrialized countries insist that those in developing countries change their practices to save the planet, the people from industrialized countries are not considering all perspectives in the matter and practicing

ethnocentrism.

The most defining characteristic of global population dynamics over the past 100 years is

explosive growth.

The American Medical Association changed the practice of medicine by ______.

standardizing licensing and practices

From 1950 to 2015, more migrants entered which country than any other?

the United States

From 1950-2015, the country that saw the greatest number of net departures was

Bangladesh.

Which statement about climate change is true?

During the time that records have been kept, the average temperature of the world seems to have increased since 1855.

What was one effect of the implementation of the Affordable Care Act in 2014?

The rate of uninsured people dropped.

Which of the following statements regarding children in the late industrial society is true?

They become consumers whose needs must be met.

Which of the following are possible explanations for the fact that a large portion of the people who live near hazardous waste sites are minorities?

They have less power to prevent the placement of such sites where they live. Economics and discrimination force them into living in less desirable areas.