CHAPTER 14

The molecule cytochrome c supports the theory of evolution as biochemical evidence. Which of the following is part of that evidence?

...

Complete the following statements regarding the molecular evidence for common descent. Not all choices will be used. 1/2

All living organisms use DNA, RNA, and ATP, which leads scientists to the conclusion that these molecules were present in the first living organism. Organisms also use the same DNA triplet code for amino acids in their protein structure. Thus, differences between species exist mainly due to small differences between the proteins each one produces and uses.

Many species of finches, tortoises, cacti, and iguanas are found on the Galápagos Islands and nowhere else in the world. Which physical attribute of these islands has played a role in permitting such unique life forms to evolve?

All of the above answers describe physical attributes of the islands important in the evolution of unique life forms.

Which of the following is an example of artificial selection? All of the above are examples of artificial selection. different varieties of roses: yellow, pink, red, thornless, climbing, etc. different breeds of dogs: poodle, basset hound, Chihuahua, Great Dane, etc. different types of tomatoes: roma, beefsteak, grape, cherry, etc. different breeds of cats: Siamese, Persian, Himalayan, American shorthair, etc.

All of the above are examples of artificial selection.

Which of the following are molecular evidences for common descent?

All organisms use the same basic biological molecules including DNA and ATP. All organisms use the same DNA triplet code and the same amino acids in their proteins. Simple and complex organisms share a large number of genes.

In which of the following processes do humans play a large role?

Artificial selection

Assess your understanding of the fossil evidence discovered by Darwin by completing each sentence. Not all choices will be used. 2/2

Darwin also collected fossil specimens within the areas he was traveling. In many cases, he found that these specimens varied from the modern species in these areas and around the world. Darwin hypothesized that there would have been enough time for descent with modification to occur and change species over time.

Assess your understanding of the fossil evidence discovered by Darwin by completing each sentence. Not all choices will be used. 1/2

Darwin completed a five-year journey around the world on the HMS Beagle. During this time, he made many geological observations such as finding raised beaches and marine shells located high in the Andes Mountains. Darwin hypothesized that slow processes brought geological changes over time and that Earth must be very old.

How did Darwin suggest that one ancestral group of finches evolved to produce several related species of finches over time?

Darwin hypothesized that the unique conditions of each island selected for adaptations in finch populations.

Which of the following information cannot be determined from the fossil record?

Evidence of every species that ever existed.

True or false: Charles Darwin graduated from medical school in 1831.

FALSE

Match each finch characteristic to a selective pressure that would select FOR that finch.Finches with large beaks

Finches with large beaks-Large, hard seedsFinches with small beaks-Small seeds and/or insects

A finch population with heritable variation in beak size arrives on an island where only large seeds are available as a food source. Describe the process of natural selection that would follow.

Finches with larger beaks will more easily eat the large seeds and are thus more likely to survive and produce offspring with similarly large beaks. The frequency of large beaks within the population will increase.

Complete the following statements to describe the biogeographical evidence for evolution. Not all choices will be used. 2/2

For example, both cactuses and spurges are native to hot and dry locations; however, cactuses are native to North America and spurges are native to Africa. It is concluded that these similar plants evolved in different locations and that evolution is influenced by the environment, not by design.

Complete the following statements about development as evidence for evolution. Not all choices will be used and some will be used more than once. 2/2

In addition, all possess paired pharyngeal pouches which form gills or are modified for the development of different structures in terrestrial organisms. These examples of homology shared by vertebrates suggest that they evolved from a common ancestor.

A biologist by the name of Jean-Baptiste de ____ proposed the idea of inheritance of acquired characteristics.

Lamarck

Which of the following people came up with the idea of inheritance of acquired characteristics?

Lamarck

Which of the following may produce new phenotypic variations in a population?

Mutation

Which of the following evolutionary processes results in adaptation to the environment?

Natural selection

Though evolution is generally regarded as a slow process, human activities surrounding bacterial infections like Shigella and MRSA can alter this time line. The evolution of resistance to methicillin occurred in _______ year(s).

ONE

Complete the following statements to accurately describe homologous structures as evidence for evolution. Not all choices will be used. 2/2

Oppositely, analogous structures are those that serve the same function, but are anatomically different. The presence of homology, not analogy, is evidence that organisms are related.

Which of the following illustrates why Lamarck's proposal of evolution through the inheritance of acquired characteristics is not an accepted theory?

People who visit tanning booths and have dark tans do not have babies with tanned skin

Select all of the following components of natural selection.

Populations produce more offspring than the resources of the environment can support Members of a population have variations that are heritable Individuals who have favorable traits will survive longer and reproduce more than those who don't have these characteristics

Complete the following statements regarding the molecular evidence for common descent. Not all choices will be used. 2/2

Some organisms have very few differences in the amino acid sequences of their proteins, yet are vastly different in structure and function. These biochemical differences account for a vast majority of variation in life on Earth.

The continent closest to the Galapagos Islands is

South America.

In his travels, Darwin noted that, compared to most species on the Galapagos Islands, species of ______ were similar, but slightly different.

South American

Which of the following is considered an analogous structure?

Structures in different organisms that serve the same function but are not constructed similarly, and therefore do not have a common ancestry

Complete the following statements to accurately describe homologous structures as evidence for evolution. Not all choices will be used. 1/2

Structures that are anatomically similar because they were inherited from a common ancestor are called homologous structures. The forearms of a bat, bird, whale, and cat all contain the same arrangement of bones, but each serves a different function.

Which type of snail would be best suited to hide from predators if this population existed in a variable (mixed patches of light and dark areas) environment?

The multicolored (variable) snails would most easily hide from predators.

Complete the following statements about development as evidence for evolution. Not all choices will be used and some will be used more than once. 1/2

The study of the developmental stages of an embryo is called embryology. At some point in their development, all vertebrates possess many common features. For example, all possess a(n) postanal tail, which may recede into some organisms over time.

Complete the following statements to describe the biogeographical evidence for evolution. Not all choices will be used. 1/2

The study of the distribution of organisms throughout the world is called biogeography. It is hypothesized that when species are related, it is because they evolved in the same location and then migrated to other accessible locations.

Which of the following is true about how variations arise in a population?

They are due to random chance, i.e. genetic mutations.

Which of the following best explains the similarities in design of vertebrate forelimbs?

They are homologous structures.

Evolution by natural selection was proposed by two scientists, Darwin ____ and (answer with last name only).

Wallace

What is the name of the scientist who also proposed evolution and natural selection during Darwin's time?

Wallace

Inheritance of ____ characteristics is the incorrect idea that structural changes that occur during an organism's lifetime can be passed on to future generations.

acquired

Any characteristic that makes an organism more suited to its environment is called a(n) ____ .

adaptation

Developing a thicker coat of fur during winter is considered a(n) ________.

adaptation

Which of the following are components of natural selection?

adaptation to the environment heritable variation variation in reproductive success

Structures that have a similar function, such as the wing of a bird and the wing of an insect, but that are not the result of common descent, are considered ____ structures.

analogous

Bacteria that cause ear infections have increased their resistance to antibiotics over time. Which of the following is the selective agent?

antibiotics

The intentional breeding of certain individuals in a population to produce a desirable outcome is called ____ selection.

artificial

The process in which humans play an influential role in the traits of the future generations by crossing organisms with desirable traits is called ____ selection.

artificial

Which of the following could Charles Darwin truthfully have listed as statements of experience on a resume he might have submitted to the Captain of the HMS Beagle?

attended divinity school at Cambridge spent summer of 1831 conducting geology fieldwork at Cambridge Dedicated student of nature and collector of insects attended many lectures in biology and geology while at Cambridge

Darwin's observations of finches was a study of their distribution, making it one example of the _______ evidence he collected as he developed theories on evolution.

biogeographical

The line of evidence that relies on examining distributions of organisms across the planet in order to determine evolutionary relationships is ____ evidence.

biogeographical

The study of the distribution of life forms on Earth is called ______.

biogeography

The study of the geographical distribution of organisms is called ____ .

biogeography

Which of the following support the hypothesis of common descent?

comparative anatomy biochemistry the fossil record biogeography embryological development

Darwin's observations of fossils, including a 2,000 kg armadillo-like creature called a glyptodont, led him to believe that living species may have descended from ____ species.

extinct

In order to determine that the 12 species of finches Darwin observed were closely related, it was necessary to find and observe their common ancestral group.

false

True or false: Darwin thought that the Earth was approximately 1,000 years old.

false

True or false: The plants and animals living on the Galapagos Islands are the exact same species as found on the west coast of South America.

false

Upon observing the 12 types of finches he encountered on the Galapagos Islands, Charles Darwin knew immediately that they were closely related.

false

Individual A produces 7 offspring while individual B produces 4. Individual A is said to have a greater ______ than individual B.

fitness

The reproductive success of an individual relative to other members of the population is referred to as ____ .

fitness

The term for reproductive success as it relates to natural selection and evolution is ________.

fitness

Evidence of organisms that have been preserved in the Earth's crust are called ____ .

fossils

The remains of once living organisms are called ______.

fossils

Ancient volcanoes formed the ____ Islands.

galapagos

A structure that is similar in different types of organisms because these organisms are derived from a common ancestor is called a(n) ______ structure.

homologous

Anatomical structures that are similar due to inheritance from a common ancestor are called ____ structures.

homologous

The line of anatomical evidence that shows a similarity in form due to a common ancestor are called ____ structures.

homologous

The wing of a bird or bat, forelimb of a cat or dog are examples of ________ structures.

homologous

The wing of a penguin and the wing of an eagle are

homologous structures

Archaeopteryx is a bird with both reptile and bird features and is thus considered a transitional link that suggests:

how birds have evolved from a reptile-like ancestor.

Which of the following are examples of selective forces that contributed to natural selection in the Galapagos finches? Check all that apply.

large seeds small seeds

Darwin believed that all members of a population would not typically be able to survive, and therefore reproduce, due to _____.

limited environmental resources

____ acts as the source of variation for natural selection to act upon.

mutation

The evolutionary mechanism in which organisms best adapted to their environment produce more offspring than less adapted individuals is called ____ ____ .

natural selection

The process that results in changes in a population as the environment changes is called:

natural selection

Darwin and Lyell, in opposition to the popular belief held at their time, believed that the Earth was very ______.

old

What has lead to the evolution of antibiotic resistant bacteria?

overuse of antibiotics

Georges Cuvier was the founder of ____.

paleontology

The scientific study of fossils is called ____ .

paleontology

An important difference between artificial selection and natural selection is that the result of natural selection is not _____.

predesired

As Darwin observed, finches were more successful if they could gather seeds effectively. Natural selection is a theory based on the ability of a species to survive and __________.

reproduce

When looking at the fossil record, it shows a succession of life from ____ to more ____ .

simple complex

The formation of new species from a single ancestral species is called ____ .

speciation

The process by which new species are formed is called _____.

speciation

Critical to the theory of evolution, Darwin needed to include an idea that was not generally accepted by scientists or society at that time. That idea was that

the Earth must be very old.

Sometimes organisms that are very similar evolve separately on different continents. Examples of such organisms are the succulent cacti of the American deserts and Euphorbia found in African deserts. The best explanations for the evolution of similar but unrelated organisms are:

the interplay between organisms and their environment influences evolution so that similar environments yield similar adaptations

The presence of vestigial organs supports evidence of evolution because

the vestigial organ is similar to a functional organ in a related species, having been passed down from a common ancestor.

Darwin observed many fossils of plants and animals that looked similar to, but were not exactly like, modern plants and animals. This led him to believe that organisms evolve or change over time.

true

Finches with beaks suited to the food supply of each island became more prevalent over time because these finches were better suited to survive and reproduce.

true

True or false: A human arm is homologous to a whale fin and a bird wing.

true

True or false: Molecular data supporting common descent is consistent with those provided by a study of the fossil record and comparative anatomy.

true

True or false: Populations of organisms can produce more offspring than the environment can support.

true

Charles Lyell's theory of ____ stated that slow natural processes produced the extreme geological changes observed in Earth's strata and that these processes occurred at a constant rate.

uniformitarianism

The idea that geological changes occur at a slow, constant rate is called:

uniformitarianism

An anatomical element that is fully developed in one group of organisms but is reduced and non-functional in another group of organisms is called a(n) ____ structure.

vestigial

Which line of anatomical evidence shows fully developed features in one group but reduced in another?

vestigial

Some fossil snakes have remnants of hip bones and legs even though these animals had no legs. These remnant structures are best described as:

vestigial structures

The Galapagos Islands were formed off the western coast of South America by ______.

volcanic eruptions

All of the following are considered evidences for evolution EXCEPT:

written records left on the walls of caves by ancient man