Chapter 14
Bioluminescense
(photophores used for finding food, attracting prey, blinding or counterilluminatioin)
Microscopic Zooplankton: Foraminifera, Radiolarians, & Copepodes
*Foraminifera is a type of Calcareous zooplankton *Radiolarians is a type of Siliceous zooplankton
Marine Mammals
*Homeothemic (warm blooded air breathers) *Cetaceans
Type of rare Ocean Sunfish (all florescent white in color)
"Mola Mola"
Bony fish (Osteichthyes)
Know features and fin adaptations: -Caudal fin, pectoral fin, anal fin, dorsal fin, pelvic fin, operculum, truncate, forked, lunate, and heterocercal.
Where do dolphins generate sounds for use in echolocation?
in the blowhole
The fins used by fishes primarily for maneuvering are:
Pectoral and Pelvic fins -These two pairs of fins help fishes to move around in tight spaces and to turn on a short radius
Dolphins: Beaked cone-shaped teeth Hooked or curved dorsal fin (some have no dorsal fin) Bottlenose, spinner, killer whales, etc. Family Delphinidae
Porpoise: Never have a beak Spade-shaped teeth Triangular dorsal fin (some have no dorsal fin) Small (7' or less) Family Phocoenidae
Phylum Cnidaria:
-Scyphozoans (True Jellyfish) -Hydrozoans (Portuguese Man-of-War)
Organisms of the Pelagic Environment
-Plankton (phytoplankton, zooplankton, red tides) -Bacteria -Nekton -Mammals -Fisheries
Different Caudal Fin Designs: *Rounded - for accelerating and maneuvering at slow speeds *Truncate and forked - found on faster fish; good for both acceleration and maneuvering
*Lunate fins - found on fastest fish; top predators; tuna, swordfish, marlin; rigid and great for speed *Heterocercal - shark fins; large upper lobe, small bottom lobe; provides lift
Order Sirenia: (Manatees and Dugongs) Slow moving Don't hear boats very well (exposure to boats and their propellers) Habitat Destruction Gets stuck in locks Die from Red Tide
*Manatees are most closely related to walruses *World's only Herbivorous Marine mammals *Manatees found in warm, brackish coastal bays in S.E. coast and Caribbean. *Dugongs found in SE Asia, Africa, and Australia.
Order: Carnivora Pinnipeds: "Feather-footed"
*Seals - Lack ear flaps (earless); smaller front flippers; prominent claws; cant move around on land very well due to hip structure. *Sea lions - Have Ears & strong forelimbs; evolved from bear-like ancestors. Walrus
Phylum Mollusca
*Squids, octopus, nautilus, cuttlefish *Giant Squid (Architeuthis dux)Grow up to 65 ft and live at depths of 200-700 meters
Diatoms
-Can cause amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) •Domoic acid poisoning •Caused by the diatom, Pseudonitzschia pungens •Causes memory loss
Order Cetacea (whales, dolphins, porpoises)
-Toothed (Ordontoceti) Orcas, sperm whale, dolphins, porpoise *Baleen (Mysticetic) - Blue whales, Humpbacks, Finbacks, Right whales, Grey. *Ancestors of whales lived on land 50M yrs ago
Gambierdiscus toxicus
-Toxins are passed up the food chain and concentrated (bioaccumulation). *Symptoms include headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, convulsions, paralysis, hallucinations and death
How does sonar work?
A sound signal is bounced off the ocean floor.
Nekton
At least 5000 species All are vertebrates except some shrimp and squid
Pfiesteria piscicida
Dinoflagellate causing fish kills; Numerous events in NC and Chesapeake Bay; Human symptoms include sores, memory loss, nausea, respiratory distress, vertigo
How are echolocation and sonar different?
Echolocation is used by dolphins and whales, whereas sonar is a data collection tool developed by people.
Cnidarians
Examples include: -Anemones -Corals. -Euphausiids (Krill) -Jellyfish
Carcharadon MEGALODON!!!
Extinct Great White sharks that grew up to 50+ Ft!!!
Deep Sea Fish
Have Photophores (light producing organs) Live in depths from 200 to 1000m down.
Zooplankton (Drifters)
Holoplanktonic - spend entire life as plankton Meroplanktonic- spend a portion of their life as plankton Larvae - juvenile forms
Which type of whale feeds in groups utilizing the "bubble net" strategy
Humpback whales
3 Major Types of Fish: Some adaptations for survival include: Schooling & Symbiosis (commensalism, or mutualism, parasitism)
I. AGNATHA, primitive group of jawless fish. Lampreys and Hagfish II. CHONDRICHTHYES, the jawed fish with cartilaginous skeletons. Sharks, Rays, Rat-Fishes, Some 300 species. Have Electrochemical receptors. III. OSTEICHTHYES, fish with bony skeletons. Lungfish, Trout, Bass, Salmon, Perch, Parrot Fish
About Bacteria
Most numerous living organism in oceans; May produce dense blooms in estuaries and warm water areas; Primary producers in chemosynthetic communities -Important in their role as decomposers.
Phytoplankton - algae
Mostly one-celled Diatoms, Dinoflagellates, and Coccolithophores (Kingdom Protoctista) Primary Producers (at the base of the trophic pyramid)
Alternate contraction and relaxation of what muscles sends a wave of body curvature back along the body to produce a forward thrust
Myomeres
The stinging cells used by cnidarians to capture prey are called _________.
Nematocysts - which are used by many invertebrates to sting and paralyze prey.
Individual fishes within schools maintain their spacing through visual contact and _________.
The Lateral line system - which runs down the side of a fish's body, contains sensors that detect vibrations in the water.
What does a dolphin's melon do?
The melon focuses sound waves during emission.
World's largest fish; Grow to 40-50 feet; Feed on plankton
Whale Sharkes & Basking Sharks
Ciguatera
caused by toxins in the dinoflagellate (can spread to humans through "Gambierdiscus toxicus")
What does sonar data tell us about the seafloor?
depth, shape, and composition
Crustaceans:
•Copepods (type of zooplankton) •Euphausiids (krill) - Harvested by humans for livestock, poultry, and fish feed: -Comprise 60% of zooplankton in the oceans -Important food source for higher carnivores
Dinoflagellate algae
•Photosynthesize and ingest organic matter. •Exist at lower light levels •Have flagella giving them motility •Coral and foram symbionts •Cause red tide •Cause Paralytic, Neurotoxic, and Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoning
