CHAPTER 14 A&P

Compare the SNS with the ANS. (Module 14.1A)

The SNS provides conscious and subconscious control over skeletal muscles. The ANS controls the visceral effectors: smooth muscle, glands, cardiac muscle, and adipocytes.

Which statement is true regarding the ANS?

The integrative centers for autonomic activity are located in the hypothalamus.

The sympathetic division of the ANS is also known as which of the following?

thoracolumbar division

The statement "It controls the diameter of the pupil" is

true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.

The statement "Its postganglionic axons always use acetylcholine as the neurotransmitter" is

true only for the parasympathetic nervous system.

Control of the diameter of the respiratory passages depends upon

both parasympathetic and sympathetic levels of stimulation.

Sympathetic activation leads to all of the following except

increased release of insulin.

Visceral organs of the neck, thoracic cavity, and most of the abdominal cavity are target organs of which parasympathetic ganglia?

intramural ganglia

Regarding ANS motor control, which CNS structure(s) is/are involved in emotions, memory, and behavior?

limbic system

In general, parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are ________ and postganglionic fibers are ________.

long; short

Sweat glands contain ________ receptors.

muscarinic cholinergic

The ________ division of the autonomic nervous system is known as the "rest and digest" division.

parasympathetic

What type of neuron of the parasympathetic division exits the brain stem?

preganglionic neuron

When comparing the SNS and ANS, which of the following are unique to the ANS?

preganglionic neurons

Which of the following is a characteristic of the enteric nervous system?

All of the neurotransmitters found in the brain are found in the ENS.

Define baroreceptors. Where are baroreceptors located within the body? (Module 14.10A)

Baroreceptors are stretch receptors that detect changes in pressure. They are located along the digestive tract, within the walls of the urinary bladder, in the carotid and aortic sinuses, and in the lungs.

Chemoreceptors of the carotid bodies function via which cranial nerve to trigger reflexive adjustments in respiratory and cardiovascular activity?

CN IX

Which cranial nerve provides roughly 75 percent of all parasympathetic outflow?

CN X

Compare the anatomy of the sympathetic division with that of the parasympathetic division. (Module 14.2B)

In the SNS, axons emerge from the thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord and innervate ganglia relatively close to the spinal cord. In the PNS, axons emerge from the brainstem and sacral segments of the spinal cord and innervate ganglia very close to or within the target organs.

Preganglionic fibers of parasympathetic neurons are present in all of the following cranial nerves except

XII

Dual innervation refers to an organ receiving

both sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation.

During sympathetic activation, which of the following would not occur?

constriction of pupil

The parasympathetic nervous system is especially active during which physiological state(s)?

digestion

Parasympathetic functions include all of the following except

dilation of the airways.

Most vital organs receive ________ innervation. That is, they receive input from both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

dual

Visceral reflex arcs can bypass CNS neurons in ________ reflexes.

short

Which of the following is exclusive to the sympathetic division of the ANS?

short pre-ganglionic fibers

In general, sympathetic preganglionic fibers are ________ and postganglionic fibers are ________.

short; long

A person is confronted by a dangerous dog. His heart begins to race and beat strongly, his pupils dilate, and his hairs stand up. These signs are not the result of

stimulation of the pancreas to release insulin.

Identify two major divisions of the ANS. (Module 14.2A)

sympathetic division and parasympathetic division