Chapter 14 BOI
Assigning males the value of zero and females the value of one in a database to record the gender of the respondents is an example of _____. a. coding b. test tabulation c. editing d. verification
A
Dividing a data set into two categories by placing respondents below the median in one category and respondents above the median in another is called a(n) _____. a. median split b. mediation c. elaboration analysis d. bimodal split
A
Scores or observations recalibrated to indicate how they relate to a base number are referred to as _____. a. index numbers b. rank orders c. elaborated numbers d. real numbers
A
The transformation of raw data into a form that makes the data easier to understand and to interpret is called _____. a. descriptive analysis b. outlier analysis c. computer mapping d. creating a box and whisker plot
A
When a researcher sets an acceptable significance level a priori (), he or she is determining how much tolerance he or she has for which type of error? a. Type I b. Type II c. Type A d. Type B
A
When the probability of a Type II error is ______ , the probability of a Type I error is _____. a. reduced, increased b. reduced; reduced c. increased; increased d. none of these choices
A
Which of the following is the appropriate technique for addressing research questions involving relationships among multiple less-than interval variables? a. cross-tabulation b. ANOVA c. regression d. cluster analysis
A
Which type of error occurs when the researcher concludes a relationship exists when in fact one does not exist? a. Type I b. Type II c. Type A d. Type B
A
Assigning a "1" or "0" code where each number represents an alternate response such as "yes" or "no," is an example of _____. a. editing b. dummy coding c. reverse coding d. plugging
B
Counting the number of responses to questions in a survey by hand is called _____. a. index analysis b. tallying c. elaboration analysis d. moderator analysis
B
If 60 males are asked if they recognize the brand name, "Focus," and 35 of them correctly identify the product as a model of Ford's product line within Ford Motor Co., the proportion of males in the sample who recognize this brand name is approximately _____. a. 0.60 b. 0.58 c. 0.35 d. 0.79
B
If a researcher wants to summarize the responses of subjects by gender and awareness of a particular brand ("Yes" or "No"), he or she would use a ______ contingency table. a. 1 x 2 b. 2 x 2 c. 2 x 3 d. normal
B
The two types of errors researcher run the risk of committing when sampling are _____. a. primary and secondary errors b. Type I and Type II errors c. critical and noncritical errors d. Type A and Type B errors
B
When a researcher combines the "Strongly Disagree" and "Disagree" responses on a Likert scale item to a single "Strongly Disagree/Disagree" percentage, this is an example of _____. a. data indexing b. collapsing the data c. the outlier effect d. a box and whisker plot
B
When a respondent's answers to ten Likert-scale items are added up to form a total subtest score for these questions, this is an example of _____. a. data indexing b. data transformation c. contingency analysis d. data indexing
B
When a third variable is included in the analysis that is studying the relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable, and this third variable changes the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable in an important way, this third variable is called a(n) _____. a. spurious variable b. moderator variable c. contingency variable d. outlier variable
B
Which of the following becomes a key indicator of whether or not a hypothesis can be supported? a. critical value b. significance level c. chi-square d. degrees of freedom
B
Which of the following is a graphical way of showing the frequency distribution in which the height of a bar corresponds to the frequency of a category? a. perceptual map b. histogram c. contingency table d. frequency chart
B
A survey question asked respondent how much of the Super Bowl they watched by asking them to check one of the four following choices: "all of it," "most of it," "some of it," or "none of it." How many dummy variables would a researcher need to dummy code this question? a. one b. two c. three d. four
C
Breaking down the answer to the question: "Have you ever purchased a ticket online for an American Airlines flight?" into subgroups based on gender and zip code is an example of _____. a. a box and whisker plot analysis b. an index number c. elaboration analysis d. interquartile analysis
C
Counting the number of responses to different parts of a question in a survey and arranging these responses in a frequency distribution is called _____. a. elaboration analysis b. spurious analysis c. marginal tabulation d. index analysis
C
Data with which type of distribution are appropriate for division based on the median split? a. normally distributed b. unimodal distribution c. bimodal distribution d. uniform distribution
C
If a business wants to know if more males or females purchase their product or a competitor's product, which of the following answers this question? a. regression analysis b. cluster analysis c. cross-tabulation d. interaction analysis
C
Index numbers require which level of measurement? a. nominal b. interval c. ratio d. ranked
C
The assignment of numbers to edited data is known as _____. a. editing b. adjusting with a plug value c. coding d. all of the above
C
The number of respondents or observations (in a row or column) used as a basis for computing percentages in a contingency table is referred to as a(n) _____. a. reference point b. moderator c. statistical base d. analytical point
C
Which of the following is an alternative to dummy coding using the values of -1 and +1 to represent two categories of responses? a. reverse coding b. inverse coding c. effects coding d. verified coding
C
Which test is appropriate for testing hypotheses involving an observed mean against a specified value? a. F-ratio b. µ-test c. t-test d. -test
C
Which type of statistical analysis test hypotheses involves only one variable? a. primary statistical analysis b. bivariate statistical analysis c. univariate statistical analysis d. monovariate statistical analysis
C
A researcher is testing a hypothesis and is examining the data to determine whether or not the observed relationship between a salesperson's age and sales are significantly related. Which of the following will he use to determine the significance level of the results? a. b. c. y-value d. p-value
D
An analysis of the basic cross-tabulation for each level of a variable not previously considered, such as subgroups of the sample, is referred to as _____. a. group analysis b. cluster analysis c. ANOVA d. elaboration analysis
D
Codes are rules for ______ data. a. interpreting b. classifying c. recording d. all of these choices
D
Coding that assigns numbers to categories in an arbitrary way merely as a means of identifying some characteristic is called _____. a. nominal coding b. descriptive coding c. labeling d. class coding
D
Failing to identify a hypothesized difference using a sample result when one really does exist in the population is which type of error? a. primary b. secondary c. Type I d. Type II
D
If the price of Brand A is transformed to a value of 100 and Brand B's value is 75, indicating its price is 25 percent lower than Brand A's price, 100 and 75 represent _____. a. nominal rankings b. bivariate statistics c. p-values d. index numbers
D
It is hypothesized that an individual's style of processing information (i.e., verbal or visual) will influence the impact an advertising execution will have on attitudes toward the brand advertised. Style of processing, then, is considered which type of variable? a. dependent variable b. external variable c. internal variable d. moderating variable
D
The researcher examining descriptive statistics for any particular variable is using which type of statistics? a. multivariate b. interval c. nominal d. univariate
D
Which of the following is used to simplify and clarify data? a. tables b. graphs c. charts d. all of these choices
D
A 3 x 4 table represents a contingency table with twelve variables.
F
A category split means respondents below the observed median go into one category and respondents above the median go into another.
F
A planogram is a graphical way of showing the frequency distribution in which the height of a bar corresponds to the frequency of a category.
F
All statistics that are appropriate to use for higher-order scales (ratio scales are the highest) are also appropriate to use with lower-order scales (nominal scales are the lowest).
F
Cross-tabulation allows the inspection and comparison of differences among groups based on interval or ratio measures.
F
Discrete coding can be used for dichotomous responses like "yes "or "no."
F
Monovariate statistical analysis tests hypotheses involving only one variable.
F
Multivariate statistic analyses require five or more variables.
F
Researchers usually are most interested in the marginals in a contingency table.
F
The reference base is the number of respondents or observations (in a row or column) used as a basis for computing percentages in a cross-tabulation.
F
The researcher using sampling runs the risk of committing two types of errors: primary errors and secondary errors.
F
The row and column totals in a contingency table are called subtotals because they are less than the total.
F
The term p-value stands for power-value.
F
When a data set is bimodal, a median split of the data will lead to error.
F
The process of changing data from their original form to a format that more closely fits the research objectives of the research study is called data transformation.
T
The researcher examining descriptive statistics for any particular variable is using univariate statistics.
T
The t-test is most appropriate for small samples (e.g., smaller than 30).
T
The type of measurement scale used in the research study determines the possible statistical tests that can be used appropriately with the resulting data.
T
When a third variable inserted into the analysis changes the results when two other variables were studied previously, this third variable is called a moderator variable.
T
All of the following are examples of descriptive statistics EXCEPT _____. a. p-value b. average c. range d. standard deviation
A
Arranging data into a table is called _____. a. tabulation b. frequency c. analysis d. interpretation
A
Tabulation refers to the orderly arrangement of data in a table or other summary format.
T
A researcher is creating a table to present to a client that gives the number of respondents selecting the various product concepts of interest in the study. The client will use this information in the decision of which product concept to pursue. This table is referred to as a _____. a. frequency table b. concept table c. results table d. decision table
A
A researcher is examining the row and column totals in a contingency table of stores shopped at by gender. What are these called? a. marginals b. subtotals c. totals d. running totals
A
A researcher interested in a data matrix that displays the frequency of some combination of possible responses to multiple variables should construct a _____. a. perceptual map b. contingency table c. regression equation d. marginal table
B
Another name for data transformation is _____. a. index analysis b. data conversion c. quadrant analysis d. data exchange
B
Arranging data so that the number of times each category occurs is called a _____ table. a. cross-tabulation b. frequency c. percentage d. pre-coding
B
A Type I error occurs when a condition that is true in the population is rejected based on statistical observations.
T
A common form of elaboration analysis is to do cross-tabulation of data within subgroups of the sample under study.
T
A contingency table is a data matrix that displays the frequency of some combination of possible responses to multiple variables.
T
A significance level is a critical probability associated with a statistical hypothesis test that indicates how likely it is that an inference supporting a difference between an observed value and some statistical expectation is true.
T
A simple tabulation of a variable's frequency distribution is sometimes called a marginal tabulation.
T
A statistical test's significance level or p-value becomes a key indicator of whether or not a hypothesis can be supported.
T
Coding is the process of assigning a numerical score or other character symbol to previously edited data.
T
Coding using the rule that a male appearing in an advertisement is coded as "1," a female is "2," a child is "3," and an animal is "4," is an example of class coding.
T
Combining the data from adjacent categories of a Likert-scale item is a common form of data transformation.
T
Index numbers allow researchers to track a variable's value over time and compare a variable with other variables.
T
