Chapter 14 Inquisitive

what are some of the biological causes of obsessive-compulsive disorder?

1. family history of OCD 2. genes that control glutamate, a neurotransmitter that causes increased neural firing in the brain

Which of the following are characteristics of ADHD?

1. hyperactivity 2. impulsivity 3. restlessness 4. inattentiveness

what major factors are identified in the diathesis-stress model for high probability of onset of a psychological disorder?

1. presence of stressful events 2. childhood trauma 3. genetic predisposition

which of the following are characteristics of agoraphobia?

1. someone with agoraphobia will deal with the problem by avoiding open or crowded spaces 2. someone with agoraphobia might fear being crowded shopping mall or subway

fear of something that is disproportionate to the threat

specific phobia

fear of being negatively evaluated by others in a social setting

social anxiety disorder

antisocial personality disorder occurs in ___________ of the population. in terms of prognosis, it will improve _______________ for people without psychopathic traits

1. 1 in 4 percent 2. on its own by age 40

what factors may lead to the development of a dissociative disorder?

1. children develop DID to cope with abuse by pretending it is happening to someone else 2. someone with a dissociative disorder may have split off a traumatic event in order to protect his sense of self 3. most people diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder are women who were severely abused as children

what is the prevalence of psychopathology?

1. about 1 in 2 Americans will develop a psychological disorder at some point in their lives 2. the most common disorders are depression, anxiety, ADHD, and substance abuse disorder 3. about 1 in 4 Americans over age 18 has a psychological disorder in any given year

cluster B: dramatic, emotional, or erratic behavior

1. antisocial 2. narcissistic 3. histrionic 4. borderline

cluster C: anxious or fearful behavior

1. avoidant 2. dependent 3. obsessive-compulsive

what are some environmental facts in the development of schizophrenia?

1. being born and raised in an urban environment doubles one's risk of developing schizophrenia 2. contracting a virus may play a role in the development of schizophrenia

temperament can affect a child's chances of developing an anxiety disorder later in life. the basis for this may be _________. in one study, children categorized as _________ before age 2 showed, as adults, stronger activity in their _________ when viewing unfamiliar faces

1. biological 2. inhibited 3. amygdala 4. unfamiliar

the occurrence of two or more disorders in the same patient is called __________. some pairings are more common than others. for instance, patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder very often suffer from _________, as well, while it is comparatively rare for them also to suffer from ______________. and patients with ______________________ are more likely to have a social phobia than an autism spectrum disorder

1. comorbidity 2. depression 3. schizophrenia 4. body dysmorphic disorder

place in order the steps a psychologist must take to investigate and understand a disorder

1. determine the etiology of the disorder 2. identify and assess the symptoms of the disorder 3. group symptoms into meaningful categories to make a diagnosis 4. identify possible treatments

which of the following statements about dissociative identity disorder are true?

1. different parts of the brain light up for different personalities 2. diagnosis occurs when someone has difficulty accounting of her time

schizophrenia, which literally means "splitting of the mind," is characterized by a split between thought and ______. to be diagnosed with this disorder, which occurs ________ often in men as in women, a patient must display at least two of the ____ major symptoms listen in the DSM-5, and one of the symptoms must be delusions, ______________, or disorganized ______.

1. emotion 2. about as 3. five 4. hallucinations 5. speech

which of the following symptoms may occur in a person suffering from an anxiety disorder?

1. experiencing difficulty concentrating 2. feeling tension 3. experiencing difficulty sleeping 4. feeling apprehension about the future 5. feeling fear in the absence of a threat

distinguish between positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia

1. hallucinations 2. disorganized speech 3. disorganized behavior 4. delusions

what might we expect from an adult who was diagnosed with ADHD as a child?

1. he may struggle academically 2. he may reach a lower-than -expected socioeconomic status

which of the following demonstrate how a depressed person might think?

1. my pizzas never come out perfectly, so i shouldn't waste time making them 2. nothing i do makes a difference 3. the first date went well because of luck 4. i missed my plane because i am poor at planning

cluster A: odd or eccentric behavior

1. paranoid 2. schizoid 3. schizotypal

obsessive compulsive disorder

1. patient may feel compelled to constantly wash his hands 2. rituals often cause distress to the patient 3. characterized by specific obsessions and compulsions

obsessive compulsive personality disorder

1. patient may feel compelled to eat the same food precisely the same time and read the newspaper in a particular order 2. characterized by excessive neatness and orderliness 3. behavior is only views by the patient as problematic when it interferes with normal activities, like traveling or maintaining relationships

how can psychological factors lead to the development of depression?

1. people who are experiencing many negative events believe they are powerless to avoid them, so they have no motivation to make positive changes 2. people's negative thoughts about themselves, their situations, and the future influence each other and contribute to depression 3. when someone's friends stop hating out with her because she is a bummer, this may make her depression worse

which of the following are characteristics of borderline personality disorder?

1. people with borderline personality disorder may be manipulative in relationships 2. a patient may exhibit impulsive behaviors like promiscuity, fighting, binge eating, self-mutilation, and attempted suicide 3. episodes of depression, anxiety, anger, or irritability can last from a few hours to a few days

which of the following factors are linked to the development of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?

1. poor parenting and social disadvantage 2. reduced metabolism in brain regions involved with motor functions and attention 3. abnormal activation in frontal lobe regions 4. impaired connection between frontal lobe and limbic system

which of the following criteria do psychologists consider to determine whether a behavior is psychopathological?

1. the behavior is maladaptive 2. the behavior deviates from cultural norms 3. the behavior is self-destructive, threatening, or causes personal distress 4. the behavior causes discomfort and concern to others

what factors play a role in post-traumatic stress disorder?

1. the memory of a traumatic event for people with PTSD is "over consolidated" so the person is always on the alert to experience a similar situation 2. those with PTSD often have chronic tension, anxiety, and health problems 3. people with certain genetic markers linked to serotonin may be more likely to develop PTSD

what are some physiological abnormalities exhibited by people with antisocial personality disorder?

1. they do not experience punishment as unpleasant 2. they do not become anxious in the presence of aversive stimuli 3. they do not feel fear or anxiety

which of the following are characteristics of children with autism spectrum disorder?

1. they may exhibit repetitive behavior that can at times be harmful 2. they focus on trivial details rather than social aspects of their surroundings 3. they do not make eye contact or use their eyes to direct other's attention 4. they show severe impairments in both verbal and nonverbal communication

which of the following are true about cultural and gender differences in depression?

1. twice as many women as men suffer from depression 2. the leading cause of death for women in China and India is suicide

fear of being in a situation which one cannot escape

agoraphobia

failing to study for classes may cause one's parents concern , but it is not a psychological disorder

causes discomfort and concern to others

one may be distressed about having gained weight in middle age, but his weight gain is not a psychological disorder

causes the individual personal distress

an eccentrically dressed person putting on a puppet show would not be out of place in Time Squares, but in a fancy mall it would be considered odd

deviates from cultural norms

nearly constant anxiety not associated with one specific thing

generalized anxiety disorder

drinking alcohol may interfere with one's ability to respond appropriately, but it is not necessarily a psychological disorder

maladaptive

sudden attacks of overwhelming terror

panic disorder